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PNAS:一个“好坏参半”的消息: 阿尔茨海默症治疗新靶点是把“双刃剑”

2017-10-11 佚名 生物探索

最近,研究阿尔茨海默症分子根源的科学家们遇到了一个“好坏参半”的消息。一项研究结果表明:在淀粉样蛋白和tau蛋白的不同病理背景下,TREM2基因和小胶质细胞有双重作用,这是将TREM2作为潜在的治疗靶点需要慎重考虑的问题。

多年来,科学家们一直试图通过靶向β-淀粉样蛋白斑或tau蛋白缠结来预防或治疗阿尔茨海默症,但至今还没有有效的治疗方法。除了为人熟知的 APOE 基因外,当TREM2突变被确定为另一个重要的风险因素时,研究人员立即想到将它作为一种新的解决疾病的手段。

但是最新的结果表明,通过靶向TREM2功能和激活TREM2所在的小胶质细胞来治疗老年痴呆症,可能是一个超出想象的棘手问题。

TREM2基因有正负双重作用

10月9日的《美国科学院院报》PNAS发表了来自华盛顿大学医学院的研究文章。该文章显示有望治疗阿尔茨海默症的新药靶TREM2是一把双刃剑。TREM2正面的作用在于:在疾病的早期阶段,TREM2的存在促进免疫系统的作用,能防止大脑受阿尔茨海默症关键蛋白——β-淀粉样蛋白的侵害;但是TREM2也有负面作用,即:在疾病晚期,当大脑出现另一个阿尔茨海默症的蛋白质tau蛋白的毒性缠结时,TREM2的存在让大脑受到的损伤更大。

虽然需要谨慎对待,靶向TREM2蛋白仍可以作为预防或治疗严重神经退行性疾病的一种手段,研究人员建议医生可以在疾病早期激活TREM2,到了后期抑制它。

小鼠实验破解了这个谜团

在记忆丧失和混乱的特征性症状出现之前,老年痴呆症患者大脑中的淀粉样β斑块就开始形成。这个时候许多老年人仍然保持着精神上的敏锐。淀粉样β斑块的存在增加了形成tau蛋白缠结的危险,而tau缠结是真正的破坏引擎。tau蛋白缠结发现的地方大脑开始死亡。

在大脑中,TREM2蛋白仅在免疫细胞如小胶质细胞中被发现。当缺少TREM2时,免疫细胞无法限制β-淀粉样斑块的传播。由于tau蛋白在阿尔茨海默氏症进程中有举足轻重的作用,研究人员决定调查TREM2 对tau蛋白的影响。

研究人员运用携带人类tau蛋白突变、会形成有毒缠结的转基因小鼠来做研究。他们破坏了其中一些小鼠的TREM2。这样所有的小鼠都有tau蛋白缠结,但是只有一部分小鼠在小胶质细胞中有TREM2基因。在9个月的小鼠中,存在tau蛋白缠结和有TREM2基因的小鼠大脑已经明显缩小,特别是在有关记忆的重要领域。没有TREM2的小鼠损伤显着减少。

令他们惊讶的是,研究人员发现两组小鼠tau蛋白缠结量上没有显着差异。关键的区别似乎在于它们的免疫细胞对tau蛋白缠结的反应。有TREM2基因的小鼠小胶质细胞是活跃的,释放帮助对抗疾病的化合物,但在这种情况下,附近的神经元会受伤和死亡。没有TREM2的小鼠小胶质细胞活动没那么活跃,神经元相对能幸存一些下来。

如何理解和运用双刃剑

由此可见,同样的免疫细胞即可以参与保护大脑神经元,也会促进阿尔茨海默氏症的神经损伤。

研究人员认为小胶质细胞的激活可能在不同的环境中起着非常不同的作用。阿尔茨海默氏症自淀粉样蛋白开始,活跃的免疫细胞能对抗淀粉样蛋白的侵害。这也就是为什么TREM2突变失效后功能越少,免疫细胞越弱,阿尔兹海默症的风险越高。但是,一旦疾病进展,tau蛋白聚集后,激活小胶质细胞对神经元就成为有害的了。

通讯作者David Holtzman教授指出:“当患者的大脑刚开始聚集淀粉样蛋白时,你可能需要早期激活小胶质细胞。如果他们已经出现典型症状,那么就已经在疾病发展的过程中了,所以你可能要抑制小胶质细胞。然而,在开始讨论如何将这些想法用在人体之前,我们需要在动物模型中进行彻底的测试。”

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    2018-06-03 drwjr
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    2017-10-13 lsndxfj
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    2017-10-11 戒馋,懒,贪

    超厉害的说

    0

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尸检研究尚未明确β-淀粉或tau与阿尔兹海默症患者海马区萎缩发生率的关联。TAR DNA结合蛋白43(TDP-43)是另外一种与阿尔兹海默症相关的蛋白。Keith A Josephs及其同事对海马区TDP-43是否与海马区萎缩的发生率相关进行研究。

我国老年痴呆症发病率逐年上升,发现早期信号有助及时干预

10月10日是第26个世界精神卫生日。阿尔兹海默症,也就是俗称的老年痴呆症,是我国当前重点防治的精神疾病之一。专家提醒,发现“早期信号”有助及时干预这种疾病。随着人口老龄化加快,我国阿尔兹海默症发病率逐年上升。重庆市精神卫生中心主任医师谭小林介绍说,目前该中心老年科几乎每周都要收治1—2位阿尔兹海默症患者入院,而门诊干预的人数更多。阿尔兹海默症的病程可以分为可能阶段、很可能阶段、可疑阶段、确诊阶段

Lancet:这9种生活方式,或可预防老年痴呆

《柳叶刀》在线发表一篇文章揭示,如果在小的时候主动规避9个关键风险,我们有望延迟甚至于预防全球1/3的老年痴呆。文章建议:确保良好的儿童教育;避免高血压、肥胖和吸烟;控制糖尿病;避免抑郁和年龄相关的听力损失;坚持运动;老年阶段保持社交活动。

Hippocampus: 唤醒老年痴呆症小鼠“失去的”记忆

“失去的”记忆被恢复了?最近发表在《hippocampus》的一项研究显示,阿尔兹海默症小鼠遗忘的记忆被重新唤醒了。这表明疾病并没有破坏记忆,而是削弱了我们回忆它们的能力。

Nature颠覆认知!阿尔兹海默症风险基因,远比我们想象的“坏”

近1/4世纪之前,ApoE4突变基因被发现并证实是阿尔兹海默症的一个主要风险因素,它的出现甚至于会将这一神经衰退性疾病的发生概率提高12倍!过去的研究多认为,ApoE4会促进β-淀粉样蛋白聚集,加快老年斑的形成。 现在,《Nature》期刊新发一篇文章却颠覆了传统的研究和治疗思路!来自于美国、澳大利亚、日本等学术的研究团队发现,ApoE4基因与Tau蛋白之间存在联系——ApoE4会加剧由Ta

Cell:揭示阿尔茨海默病新机制:大脑“清洁工”能量不足,无法清除蛋白斑

近日,华盛顿大学医学院的一项新研究表明,TREM2的高风险突变会导致大脑中的免疫细胞——小胶质细胞能量赤字。当这些细胞在能量亏空情况下工作时,它们无法有效地清除蛋白斑的积累,因而无法保护神经元免受蛋白斑的损伤。

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