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罕见!结肠息肉切除术后竟发生了这种并发症

2019-04-25 王胤 陆兴俊 医学界消化肝病频道

患者,女,56岁,因“发现结肠息肉3天”入院,患者3天前因腹胀、解大便困难前往我院门诊就诊。患者无反酸烧心,无恶心呕吐,无腹痛、腹泻,自诉解大便困难,平均3天一次,为黄色成型大便,偶有运用“导泻药物”,具体不详。予以肠镜检查示:距离肛门口40cm以下见大小为0.2-0.5cm的息肉,诊断为:结直肠多发息肉,结肠黑病变。现患者为进一步内镜下息肉切除术,入住我院消化内科。

随着内镜检查及治疗技术的成熟与普及,越来越多的老百姓慢慢接受肠检查,进而致使肠道息肉发现率不断提高。早期内镜下微创治疗切除息肉能明显降低胃肠道肿瘤发生率,我们知道通常胃肠道息肉切除的常见并发症包括出血、穿孔、感染等,然而电凝综合征的发生率也在逐渐升高,内镜医师应提高对其的认知,从而避免过度诊疗

结直肠多发息肉

患者,女,56岁,因“发现结肠息肉3天”入院,患者3天前因腹胀、解大便困难前往我院门诊就诊。患者无反酸烧心,无恶心呕吐,无腹痛、腹泻,自诉解大便困难,平均3天一次,为黄色成型大便,偶有运用“导泻药物”,具体不详。予以肠镜检查示:距离肛门口40cm以下见大小为0.2-0.5cm的息肉,诊断为:结直肠多发息肉,结肠黑病变。现患者为进一步内镜下息肉切除术,入住我院消化内科。

既往病史:无高血压糖尿病、冠心病、支气管炎等慢性病史。20年前因宫外孕行手术治疗,目前已绝经,家族无特殊遗传病史。

入院后完善相关血常规、大小便常规、血凝、病毒四项、肝肾功能等术前准备均未见明显异常。查体未见明显阳性体征。遂予以肠道准备,预备第二天上午行内镜下息肉切除术。

术中可见20余枚息肉,分别予以氩气及热活检钳切除,术后创面无出血及残留。患者诉无明显症状,安返病房。常规予以补液等对症治疗,暂时嘱患者禁食水。



术后发生腹痛

术后第一天患者可进食流质饮食,未诉明显不适。术后第二天上午9点左右患者自诉腹痛,为持续性左下腹钝痛,伴压痛、反跳痛,肌紧张,肛门能排气,检测患者体温为38.1℃。血常规示:白细胞(WBC): 12.0×109/L,C反应蛋白(CRP): 50mg/L,不排除穿孔可能,遂紧急给予禁食水、补液营养支持、抗感染并请胃肠外科会诊。

行腹部平片检查示:两膈下未见明显游离气体,结肠内见粪气影,部分小肠积气,未见明显肠管扩张,部分小肠积气,未见明显肠管扩张及气液平,两侧腹脂线尚清晰。腹部CT显示未见明显肠穿孔表现,予以地塞米松及物理冰块降温,头孢曲松及奥硝唑抗感染,外科会诊后表示无穿孔迹象,暂无急诊手术指征,建议动态随访。

术后第三天患者腹痛症状较前明显好转,体温36.7℃,伴肛门排气、排便,轻压痛,反跳痛不明显,复查患者血常规:WBC : 10.9×109/L,CRP : 35mg/L,患者进食流质饮食后无不适。

患者肠息肉切除术后出现发热、腹痛、压痛、反跳痛,考虑为肠息肉切除术后电凝综合征。

为什么会发生电凝综合征

肠息肉电切术后电灼伤按严重度可分为浆膜灼伤、微小穿孔及大穿孔。

浆膜灼伤即电凝综合征,表现为息肉切除术后出现局限性腹痛、发热、白细胞升高和不伴有穿孔的腹腔感染。在腹腔镜下可见息肉切除的局部浆膜发白和局部浆液渗出,常见于术后6h-48h,据报道其发生率约为0.33%-1%。

电凝综合征发生的原因可能是:

1. 息肉较大,基底较宽,圈套息肉时,可能切割部距肠壁太近,或同时套取周围正常黏膜,或圈套钢丝未收紧,接触邻近肠壁通电;

2. 电凝时间过长,电流过大;

3. 圈套器接触肠壁,息肉起源较深,位于黏膜或肌层,细胞有导电性,电凝时的电流易于穿透肠壁,引起肠壁全层灼伤。

如何防治电凝综合征?

治疗息肉切除术后电凝综合征原则包括:动态观察患者的病情变化,禁食水,有效的抗生素治疗,不需要外科手术。肠息肉摘除术后,若发现患者出现局部腹痛、肌紧张,X线等影像学检查未见腹内游离气体,应考虑浆膜灼伤或微小穿孔的可能,并予严密观察和有效的抗生素治疗。只要腹痛不扩散,动态复查腹部平片或者CT未见明显游离气体,抗生素治疗有效,就不必手术。

如何避免电凝综合征?

1. 熟练掌握肠镜操作的基础上,电凝时选择恰当电流强度和电凝时间可能避免该综合征的发生,掌握好“切”与“凝”的操作时间,尽可能减少肠壁热损伤;

2. 调整好视野,充分暴露息肉并轻微牵拉息肉使其远离肠壁,避免贴近肠壁造成异常电流,引起肠黏膜损伤;

3. 对于基底较宽的结肠息肉,术前应行超声肠镜检查,以明确息肉的起源层次;如果一次性圈套切除可能会使比较多的正常肠壁结构同时圈入,可能会导致肠壁损伤,此时可采用分次切除的方法;

4. 在息肉基底部注射1:10000肾上腺素生理盐水可以增加结肠黏膜下层的厚度,在电凝时能起到缓冲作用,避免深层组织的电流损伤;

5. 亚蒂息肉圈套时尽可能靠近蒂的息肉侧,长蒂息肉应保留0.5~1.0cm 的蒂部;

6. 对于判断出来的肠壁较薄部位(盲肠、升结肠)或既往疾病所致的肠壁薄弱部位操作时应更加谨慎。

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    2019-08-04 丁鹏鹏
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    2019-04-30 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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    2019-04-27 syscxl
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    2019-04-26 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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