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Cancer Discovery:胰腺癌为啥难治?菌群竟会助纣为虐,抑制免疫

2018-03-26 佚名 药明康德

胰腺癌是种相对少见的癌症,发病率约占所有癌症的 3%,据估计,全球每年确诊的胰腺癌病例超过 33.7 万,在美国,2018 年胰腺癌的发病人数预计有 5.5 万。虽然发病率不高,但胰腺癌的侵袭性非常强。占外分泌胰腺癌 80-90% 的侵袭性胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDA)是最具侵袭性的肿瘤之一,它的进展隐匿,临床症状出现晚,生长迅速,患者通常

胰腺癌是种相对少见的癌症,发病率约占所有癌症的 3%,据估计,全球每年确诊的胰腺癌病例超过 33.7 万,在美国,2018 年胰腺癌的发病人数预计有 5.5 万。虽然发病率不高,但胰腺癌的侵袭性非常强。占外分泌胰腺癌 80-90% 的侵袭性胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDA)是最具侵袭性的肿瘤之一,它的进展隐匿,临床症状出现晚,生长迅速,患者通常预后不良,缺乏有效的治疗手段。目前针对胰腺癌的标准疗法为化疗,少数情况下可以手术切除,但晚期患者的五年存活率仅有 7% 左右。现今胰腺癌已经是第三大癌症死亡原因,因此对胰腺癌的深入研究有着迫切需要。

近日,来自美国纽约大学(New York University)和北卡罗莱纳大学(University of North Carolina)的研究者发现,胰腺癌中的微生物菌群有促进癌症发生的效果,这是通过对机体的免疫系统造成抑制效果来达成的。相关论文发表在美国癌症研究学会(AACR)出版的《Cancer Discovery》上。

每个人都与其体表和体内的数十万亿的细菌和其他微生物共生。不久前,来自以色列和哈佛大学的研究者曾经发现,一部分人体内的细菌可以帮助肿瘤抵抗药物,影响化疗效果。这些可以消除药物作用的微生物就存在于胰腺癌患者的肿瘤中。这项研究提醒我们,肿瘤微环境不仅仅是由人类细胞组成,还受到微生物的影响。而微生物菌群的变化也可能解释了为什么有些人对治疗反应良好,而其他人则没有。

在这项新研究中,研究者也着重研究了胰腺癌中的微生物菌群与癌症的关系。他们发现在小鼠和人类中,与正常胰腺相比,肿瘤性胰腺中包含有更丰富的微生物菌群,并且与肠道菌群相比,一部分细菌在肿瘤性胰腺中出现有差异性的增加。去除胰腺癌中的微生物菌群,能对 PDA 起到保护作用。从有 PDA 的宿主中提取的微生物菌群能逆转和消除这种对肿瘤的保护作用,而从没有 PDA 的对照组宿主中提取的微生物菌群则没有消除肿瘤保护的效果。

去除胰腺癌的微生物菌群产生的效果之一是 PDA 肿瘤微环境的免疫原性重编程(immunogenic reprogramming),具体而言,包括髓源性抑制细胞(MDSC)的减少, M1 型巨噬细胞分化的增加,促进 CD4+ T 细胞的 TH1 分化以及 CD8+ T 细胞的活化。MDSC 是源自骨髓干细胞的异源免疫细胞,在诸如慢性感染和癌症等病理情况下会强烈扩增。MDSC 具有强免疫抑制活性,有研究显示,有 MDSC 高度浸润的癌组织跟患者预后不良和对治疗的耐药性有关。MDSC 减少可能有助于癌症治疗。巨噬细胞是种吞噬性细胞,M1 型即经典活化的巨噬细胞,它们分泌促炎性细胞因子和趋化因子,并呈递抗原,参与正向免疫应答,发挥免疫监视的功能。TH1 分化的 CD4+ T 细胞主要介导细胞免疫和炎症反应,主要分泌白细胞介素 -2(IL-2),干扰素(IFN-γ和 IFN-α)以及肿瘤坏死因子 -β(TNF-β)等。CD8+ T 细胞则是杀手 T 细胞,活化后能杀死癌细胞、受病毒感染的细胞以及其他受损的细胞等。重编程后的微环境可能有利于肿瘤治疗发挥效果。

去除菌群也导致 PD- 1 表达的上调,使靶向检查点的免疫治疗成为可能。PD- 1 是负向调控免疫反应的分子,它是存在于被激活的炎性 T 细胞(inflammatory T-cells)上的受体,能与目标细胞上的免疫检查点分子 PD-L1 结合,引起自身免疫反应,导致 T 细胞死亡或失活。

从机制上来看,PDA 微生物菌群通过差异性地激活单核细胞中的部分 Toll 样受体(Toll-like receptors),产生耐受性的免疫程序。论文中的数据表明,胰腺癌的内源性菌群促进了 PDA 的免疫抑制特性。这个发现揭示了肿瘤微环境中的微生物菌群具有成为调节疾病进展的治疗靶点的潜力。

我们希望这类新发现能推动对胰腺癌的治疗进展,为胰腺癌患者带来急需的疗法。

原始出处:

Smruti Pushalkar, Mautin Hundeyin, Donnele Daley,et al. The Pancreatic Cancer Microbiome Promotes Oncogenesis by Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Suppression. Cancer Discov March 22 2018 DOI:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-1134.

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    2018-09-19 yahu
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    2018-03-28 yankaienglish
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    2018-03-27 虈亣靌

    值得点赞!认真学习了.把经验应用于实践.为患者解除病痛.

    0

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    2018-03-26 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享学习了

    0

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    2018-03-26 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

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