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66岁萎缩性胃炎伴轻度肠化生,要不要特别治疗?

2019-03-04 王伯军 王伯军大夫谈消化

一例66岁患者,根据胃镜活检病理结果提示萎缩性胃炎伴轻度肠化生,该如何治疗? 三个关键词:幽门螺杆菌、叶酸、胃保养。

一例66岁患者,根据镜活检病理结果提示萎缩性炎伴轻度肠化生,该如何治疗?
三个关键词:幽门螺杆菌、叶酸、胃保养。
 
慢性萎缩性胃炎,是胃腺体中壁细胞和主细胞减少引起的胃腺体萎缩、数目减少,使胃黏膜变薄,可进一步发生肠上皮化生、不典型增生,后两者是胃癌前病变。

慢性萎缩性胃炎被公认为胃癌前疾病,就是在萎缩性胃炎的基础上有可能发生癌变。萎缩性胃炎是长期慢性炎症的结果,也是胃黏膜老化的后果,对一位66岁的老年人来讲,发生轻度的萎缩性胃炎,可以说是胃黏膜老化的表现,不需要过分担心。

肠化生其实是一种代偿性表现,目前认为是癌前病变,就是在此基础上更易癌变了。

肠化生分为轻中重度,又分为完全性和不完全性肠化生。

目前的研究认为,不完全性和大肠型上皮化生容易发生癌变,小肠型肠化生一般不会癌变。但目前临床上肠化生没有进一步分型,只用于科研,但研究发现不完全性、大肠型肠化生往往出现在重度肠化患者,轻度肠化生往往是慢性炎症的关系。

因年龄增大、胃黏膜萎缩而发生的“肠化”是人体的“老化”表现,无需治疗,但要随访。66岁已是老年,出现慢性萎缩性胃炎伴轻度肠化生,可以说是机体老化的表现。

总之,对一个66岁的老年患者来讲,萎缩性胃炎伴轻度肠化生,问题不严重。

关于治疗

治疗主要是针对患者症状进行对症治疗,否则不需要特别治疗。

但要尽量减少对胃黏膜的损伤,包括药物、烟酒、刺激性食物,去除幽门螺杆菌等,可使用胃黏膜保护剂促进胃黏膜的修复。不需要胃镜下治疗!可以1~2年复查一次胃镜,观察病情变化。

关于幽门螺杆菌

很多研究表明:幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染是胃癌发生的先决条件,Hp对胃癌发生的影响强于任何环境因素,根除Hp可预防胃癌的发生,且越早根除患者获益越大。即使患者已发生了胃黏膜萎缩、肠化生,根除Hp后可部分逆转萎缩,稳定病情,对防止癌变也有很大作用。最近有研究证实,根除Hp后可逆转轻度萎缩和轻度肠化生,也可稳定中重度萎缩和肠化生。

根除Hp感染预防胃癌最重要的可控因素。

根除Hp,目前主张四联疗法,质子泵抑制剂 +两种抗生素 +铋剂,疗程10~14天。

我国《2017年第五次幽门螺杆菌诊治共识》对老年人Hp感染的处理意见:老年人根除Hp治疗,药物不良反应风险高,因此对老年人根除Hp治疗应首先进行获益-风险综合评估,然后进行个体化治疗。

但到目前为止,对多大年龄根除Hp治疗要谨慎尚未定论。66岁是老年,但并非高龄,目前平均寿命已大幅提高,八、九十岁是平常事,因此如果患者无严重基础疾病,应根除Hp治疗。

关于叶酸

研究证实,具较高叶酸水平者发生胃癌的概率仅为低叶酸水平人群的33%。叶酸治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎10年研究和应用证实,叶酸可改善胃黏膜组织学状态,使胃癌发生率明显降低。因此,适量补充叶酸可改善慢性萎缩性胃炎组织病理状态而减少胃癌的发生。

目前一般认为中、重度萎缩性胃炎尤其伴有中重度肠化生患者需要补充叶酸,每次5mg,每日3次,连服3个月,停药1个月,再继续服用,大多主张服用几年,对改善、稳定胃黏膜萎缩,预防胃癌有一定意义,尤其对体内低叶酸水平者作用更大。

但对轻度萎缩、轻度肠化生患者,服用叶酸并无必要!

叶酸与DNA合成有密切关系,已有癌症者反而会有可能加快癌细胞的合成,使肿瘤生长加速。患者需要服叶酸前必须排除癌症。

关于胃保养

进食松软易消化食物,三餐规律、定时定量,吃八分饱,饮食要淡口、少辣、低盐、低糖,进温热食物、忌烫、忌冷,忌烟忌酒忌浓茶,忌刺激性大的食物、忌过分粗糙食物、忌笋,心情开朗,少压力。注意卫生,避免Hp感染。

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    2019-07-06 chendoc252
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    2019-03-06 楚钟
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研究证实,长期幽门螺旋杆菌感染与胃癌前期病变进展相关。根除幽门螺杆菌感染有益于疾病控制,特别是无肠上皮化生的萎缩性胃炎患者。不完全肠上皮化生是有效的胃癌风险评价生物标记物。

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