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当代神农:荒野医生以身试药,只为找到通用蛇毒解法

2017-04-04 佚名 药明康德

马特是一位荒野医生,他从加州大学伯克利分校(UC Berkeley)昆虫学专业毕业,在德克萨斯大学(UT Texas)获得医学博士学位。成为加州科学院(California Academy of Sciences)研究员之后,2011年,他被派遣到一项菲律宾生物多样性考察计划,共有94人在珊瑚三角地区寻找新的陆地和海洋物种,那里充满了毒蛇,他当时的任务是找到治疗毒蛇咬伤的方法。马特正是从这里开启了


▲荒野医生马特·勒温博士在菲律宾(图片来源: Discovery)

马特·勒温(Matt Lewin)博士躺在床上,等待麻痹。当美维松(mivacurium)进入他的体内,两名麻醉师和一名急诊室的医生在一旁监视他的生命体征。美维松使肌肉麻痹的方式与眼镜蛇咬伤后一样,毒液最致命的影响是造成膈肌停止收缩,受害者窒息。现在,医生通过化学的方法在马特身上模拟被蛇咬之后动不了的状态,研究一种新的蛇毒解毒剂能否使他恢复知觉。


▲美维松分子结构(图片来源:维基百科)

这是马特自己研发的解毒剂:复方新斯的明(neostigmine)鼻喷雾剂。新斯的明1972年首次被用来解除毒蛇咬伤引起的麻痹,通常需要在医院注射。马特想要发明急救用的解毒剂,在被毒蛇咬伤之后可以马上喷进鼻子。但是他的这项发明完全没有在小鼠、大鼠、黑猩猩或其他通常在人体试验之前必须完成的动物模型中验证。

马特此时躺在实验室里,他是自己开发的药物的第一个试验对象。美维松的常规解毒药备在一旁,以防万一。起初,美维松注射后他感到放松,最终变得像瑜伽里摊尸式一样。他开始看不见,呼吸变浅,出现吞咽困难,不能抬起头。


▲新斯的明分子结构(图片来源:维基百科)

这让他感到有点不耐烦,像一个需要依靠的无助的孩子。他说:“即使我知道自己受到严密监控,但还是感到医生对我显得很随意,因为他们无法体验我所的感受。”他感到一种缓慢、吓人的好像走向死亡的过程,他甚至不能动动脚趾。他只能希望自己研发的解毒剂能抓住他的手,把他带回现实。

不过,在焦虑之下,马特还是相信医生正在认真完成他们已经计划并演练了好几个月的试验操作。当他听到解毒剂靠近鼻子时,马特很兴奋,他的心脏监视器在喷雾进入鼻腔之前就开始疯狂地哔哔。

几乎是瞬间起效。马特脸部肌肉苏醒过来。他觉得自己像卡通片里面的人变形成动物一样神奇。几分钟后,他身体的其余部位也能动了。他像拉撒路(圣经中的麻疯乞丐,被耶稣救活)一样从床上坐起来。

“这药有效!”他激动地哭喊道,几乎有点语无伦次。

马特是一位荒野医生,他从加州大学伯克利分校(UC Berkeley)昆虫学专业毕业,在德克萨斯大学(UT Texas)获得医学博士学位。成为加州科学院(California Academy of Sciences)研究员之后,2011年,他被派遣到一项菲律宾生物多样性考察计划,共有94人在珊瑚三角地区寻找新的陆地和海洋物种,那里充满了毒蛇,他当时的任务是找到治疗毒蛇咬伤的方法。马特正是从这里开启了蛇毒治疗的研究之路。

19世纪的蛇毒治疗源用至今

他开始翻阅各种资料,发现现行的蛇毒治疗是1894年发明的。科学家通过给马或羊注射毒液,收集血清里产生的抗体,然后将这些抗体制成药物注射给人体。“毒液”领域的的技术进步已经使抗蛇毒药物生产更安全、纯净和有效,但仍然存在很多问题。

首先,通过这种技术生产的血清只针对特定种类的蛇有效,被咬的人得知道是被什么蛇咬了,而且必须到医院注射血清。医院要恰好备有正确的血清,还得冷藏保存。注射血清可能会产生严重副作用,例如过敏反应和肾脏损伤。这意味着,在偏远地区可能难以获得抗蛇毒血清治疗。全球每年约有500万人被蛇咬伤,导致94000到125000人死亡。在绝大多数情况下,死亡发生在贫穷偏远地区。受害者往往难以到达医院,更不用说快速到达。

同时,新的研发远跟不上需求。蛇毒是人类已知最复杂的药物靶点。蛇毒素是由许多分子构成的混合物,设计好的解毒剂是个难点。与抗蛇毒血清相比,解毒剂是更通用、少有人研究的治疗毒蛇咬伤的方法,有时也称为生物治疗。解毒剂是一种治疗毒蛇咬伤的特定症状(例如麻痹)的小分子,而不是针对特定的毒液。大多数解毒剂不需要冷藏,但通常还是需要专业人员注射。抗蛇毒血清能够缓解蛇毒的大部分或全部症状,而解毒剂通常仅在一个症状上起作用,比如新斯的明就只能治疗麻痹。

另外,尽管在致死人数方面和埃博拉病毒或者其他危险病原体带来的威胁不相上下,但是蛇咬很难吸引公众以及世界卫生组织的关注。马特说,“蛇咬需要戴安娜王妃来关注。如果教皇发出一个关于这个的推文,那全世界就会重视了。”

以身试药的荒野医生

通过调研之后,马特将世界卫生组织推荐的标准治疗方法——注射新斯的明纳入考虑,但他想做得更好。他痴迷于创造一种廉价、便捷式的解毒剂的想法。他想到可以把新斯的明做成鼻喷雾剂,并为此到处找研究经费。但很多投资人觉得不现实。


▲Philip Bickler博士为马特带来了新的思路(图片来源:bicklerlab)

有一天,马特与麻醉师朋友Philip Bickler博士一起驾车穿过金门大桥。 马特失望地谈到自己缺乏研究资金。他不能只躲在树上,等待有人被蛇咬伤,然后跳出来,对着这可怜的家伙的鼻子喷上几下他研发的药物。Bickler博士听后,望向车窗外,突然来了一句“我们可以把你弄麻痹的”。马特想了一想,答应了。

为了获得Bickler博士所在的加州大学旧金山分校(UCSF)人体研究委员会的批准,他们又努力了6个月。UCSF曾经做过两项手术后肌肉松弛剂(麻醉药)如何影响患者呼吸的临床研究。Bickler博士在提出这个想法时也是想参考这两项设计试验方案。他们申请时没有提到蛇或瘫痪,只说是鼻喷雾剂和肌肉放松的相关研究。

于是到了2013年4月,出现了本文开头那一幕。马特的名字出现在麻醉人员表格上,他已经准备好不能动、说话、呼吸或做任何事情,只是躺在那里,寄希望于他研发的解毒剂拯救自己的生命,以及很多其他人的生命。

以身试药成功之后,马特在美国内科医师协会作报告谈到这项研究,迅速得到一位印度医生的关注。他们俩很快合作在印度的医院开展了临床研究。临床试验之前,他们需要在老鼠身上又测试药物。一般来说,人体试验之前需要完成动物实验。如果治疗在小鼠中起作用,它就可能对人类起作用。马特笑着说他们的研究正好倒过来,“它已经在我的身上起作用,所以在老鼠身上也会有效。”


▲印度眼镜蛇(图片来源:uniprot)

在啮齿动物实验中,小鼠接受了印度眼镜蛇(Naja naja)毒液。然后,研究人员对它们抽搐的小鼻子喷射解毒剂。接种致死剂量毒液2.5倍的小鼠中,67%的小鼠活了下来。在5倍致死剂量的毒液下,治疗小鼠存活了196分钟,对照小鼠的存活了45分钟;在10倍致死剂量下,存活时间分别是175分钟和30分钟。这不是灵丹妙药,而是一个开始。随着这些初步的成功,马特更加踌躇满志。

新斯的明只对那些导致瘫痪的蛇毒(如眼镜蛇)有效。如果遇到其他种类的蛇,怎么办?正像墨尔本大学(University of Melbourne)教授、全球蛇咬计划(Global Snakebite Initiative)的首席执行官David John Williams博士说的那样,“蛇的毒液很少只含有一种毒素”,蛇咬人会产生致命的毒素鸡尾酒组合。类似新斯的明的解毒剂可以帮助一类人赢得生存时间,但不会帮助每个被蛇咬伤的受害者。Williams博士认为,马特的喷鼻新斯的明如果通过临床试验,可以拯救某一类被毒蛇毒蛇咬伤的人的生命,但仍不是通用的解药。

一种具有蛇毒药潜力的心脏病药物

于是,马特又投入到他的下一个目标:寻求更广泛适用的蛇毒治疗方法。很快,他发现了一种导致大多数毒液致命性的共通生化机制。马特认为,虽然某一种蛇毒液都有数百种组分,但其中只有三四种起到快速致死的效果。麻痹毒素快速起效,从而使受害者无法逃跑,也停止呼吸。许多毒液的酶也会影响身体调节出血和凝血的功能,也会快速起效。另外一些可能是蛇的消化剂,它们的作用比其他毒素慢。


▲这张照片里有一条致命的蛇,你能找到它吗?(图片来源: Discovery)

因此,马特主要考虑麻痹和出血,他将目标缩小到磷脂酶A2(PLA 2)家族成员,称为sPLA2,其在炎症期间由身体产生,并且也是蛇毒的组分。研究表明,sPLA2在毒液中会损伤神经系统、肌肉和血细胞。

更重要的是,他还找到了一条关闭这条通路的方法。马特没有从头开始。相反,他利用大药厂开发失败的药物中进行二次开发。这些药物虽然在初次开发的适应症中验证失败,如果能靶向蛇毒中的蛋白质,也许会对解蛇毒有用。在筛选了数以千计的这类化合物后,马特找到了一个有效的分子varespladib。它是sPLA2的抑制剂,最初用于对抗败血症和急性冠脉综合征。它已经通过了1期和2期临床试验,意味着安全性是可靠的。

马特在六大洲找来的35种蛇毒样本中验证了varespladib的效果,包括黑曼巴蛇、罗素蛇毒蛇、印度眼镜蛇、黄金眼镜蛇、金环蛇、太攀蛇、东方珊瑚蛇、南美响尾蛇、灰蓝扁尾海蛇等。结果显示,varespladib能使所有毒液中的sPLA2无效。


▲Varespladib分子结构(图片来源:维基百科)

接着,马特与一些机构合作开展啮齿动物研究。注射一种致死剂量的珊瑚蛇毒液后1分钟或5分钟获得varespladib的17只动物在24小时后仍然存活。没有给予解毒剂的动物则全部在8小时内死亡。死亡的啮齿动物体内具有高水平的sPLA2,而给药动物的sPLA2水平几乎维持在基线水平。

马特为药物申请了专利,组建了一家名为Ophirex的公司进行后续临床研究和上市后推广。ophi意思是蛇,rex代表国王。这种药物在被证明可以批准用于人类使用之前,还有许多研发障碍要克服,以及如何提供给最容易面临蛇咬危险的偏远地区。另外,虽然这种解毒剂向通用蛇毒解药迈出重要一步,但它像新斯的明一样,仍然只可以治愈一部分,而不是治愈所有。

曾经在研发最艰难的一年里,马特每天凌晨3点28分会自动地醒来,担心自己搞砸了实验,离想要的到达的方向越来越远。但是现在,马特对未来充满乐观,他说公司仍以慈善为目的,希望有一天人们不再恐惧在草丛里的蜿蜒爬行的动物,因为踏错一步而丧命。

相关文献:


Anil A, Singh S, Bhalla A, Sharma N, Agarwal R, Simpson ID. Role of neostigmine and polyvalent antivenom in Indian common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) bite. J Infect Public Health. 2010;3(2):83-7.


Lewin M, Samuel S, Merkel J, Bickler P. Varespladib (LY315920) Appears to Be a Potent, Broad-Spectrum, Inhibitor of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2 and a Possible Pre-Referral Treatment for Envenomation. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Aug 25;8(9). pii: E248. doi: 10.3390/toxins8090248.

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    2017-05-24 muzinanzi

    以身试药的荒野医生马特

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201816, encodeId=eedd201816de, content=以身试药的荒野医生马特, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K1rd14X5tKCSsG6BPqVL4VFZWBdmJzIOjrIZibsKzOCTKMq4Scmq41bXoqUwuicux0tksjqpUiath2O/0, createdBy=a4952044518, createdName=muzinanzi, createdTime=Wed May 24 01:31:47 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=185203, encodeId=a61a18520332, content=尝百草, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/AiafG5m7kibldQyTnpaQicxg1rnBqFdIGgQBJJs4lR8ibmh91PibzgL7R7pl2HSBjgFeeKRV0mMCvDh49LrgJPCYYvA/132, createdBy=abc91707732, createdName=qjzhai1623, createdTime=Wed Apr 05 00:01:52 CST 2017, time=2017-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=185186, encodeId=397c185186ea, content=民间七叶一枝花,萝摩,射干,都是治蛇伤名药,也许也与这种机制有关, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Tue Apr 04 22:33:16 CST 2017, time=2017-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=185184, encodeId=7a451851844b, content=阅读了谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo5nmIH5IQqCKjJgSCuicPWUWOUcdqt1ROPnEiaOYN4pSHibDv8la3OxNLalvuvUXn8clpJlrpuyTpckgt9OPkeSSdT/0, createdBy=8fd71930726, createdName=半夏微凉, createdTime=Tue Apr 04 22:18:49 CST 2017, time=2017-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=185163, encodeId=2bb818516380, content=学习啦 讲的非常好 非常棒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eo2GMhevabZrvYIDhcYQOadp8uNxP2luzicRh5E0OHqMU9kYxib3dV5Qsd9UASTrkcc9ibiaN90Zwo1Tw/132, createdBy=275f1684782, createdName=wang_shengli, createdTime=Tue Apr 04 19:23:56 CST 2017, time=2017-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=185131, encodeId=daff1851318f, content=为医学现身了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=62d381629, createdName=yafeiliutjh, createdTime=Tue Apr 04 15:55:31 CST 2017, time=2017-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=185125, encodeId=67e5185125de, content=精神可佳, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRvvXNvY0kOJqn4liar3Q6V6yPuEIawCVUyP3jVADh5icIz0ibrsxia6fKAqKsDr33jPWrjqM3D7wcRNu/0, createdBy=5a881701729, createdName=小树熊, createdTime=Tue Apr 04 15:06:31 CST 2017, time=2017-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=185123, encodeId=14491851231e, content=好样的!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=118f1734484, createdName=1def5ef1m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Apr 04 14:51:01 CST 2017, time=2017-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-05 qjzhai1623

    尝百草

    0

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    2017-04-04 lovetcm

    民间七叶一枝花,萝摩,射干,都是治蛇伤名药,也许也与这种机制有关

    0

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    2017-04-04 半夏微凉

    阅读了谢谢分享!

    0

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    2017-04-04 wang_shengli

    学习啦 讲的非常好 非常棒

    0

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    2017-04-04 yafeiliutjh

    为医学现身了

    0

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    2017-04-04 小树熊

    精神可佳

    0

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    2017-04-04 1def5ef1m18(暂无匿称)

    好样的!

    0

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