Baidu
map

Cell:脑转移免疫治疗新靶点,张思园团队揭示中枢神经系统髓系细胞对脑转移的调控作用及机制

2020-10-29 Bio生物世界 Bio生物世界

随着对原位肿瘤系统化治疗的发展进步,近年来,继发性的肿瘤脑转移在临床上更趋多见,主要来自黑色素瘤、肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌等晚期患者。

随着对原位肿瘤系统化治疗的发展进步,近年来,继发性的肿瘤脑转移在临床上更趋多见,主要来自黑色素瘤、肺癌、乳腺癌结肠癌等晚期患者。脑转移的发生发展是转移的肿瘤细胞(”the seed” 种子)与中枢神经系统独特的免疫微环境(”soil” 土壤)之间相互作用的结果。

研究发现,脑转移灶中同时存在来自中枢神经系统自身的髓系细胞(Central nervous system-native myeloid cells ,CNS-myeloids)和外周骨髓来源的髓系细胞(bone marrow-derived myeloid cells ,BMDM)。

已有的研究表明,胶质瘤及脑转移组织中浸润的免疫细胞具有组成多样性和异质性;利用RNA测序结合谱系示踪技术在胶质瘤动物模型的研究中,发现CNS-myeloids和BMDM在转录水平上截然不同。

然而,由于实验模型和技术手段的限制,CNS-myeloids和BMDM在肿瘤脑转移的发生发展过程中的具体作用难以区分,两者是否具有不同的功能特性及作用机制,至今尚不清楚。

2020年10月28日,美国圣母大学生物科学系、哈珀肿瘤研究所(Harper Cancer Research Institute)的张思园教授研究团队,在Cell上发表了题为“CNS-Native Myeloid Cells Drive Immune Suppression in the Brain Metastatic Niche through Cxcl10”的研究论文。

该研究系统阐明了CNS-myeloids通过营造免疫抑制微环境,在促进脑转移的发展过程中发挥主导作用。该研究为脑转移的免疫治疗提供了新的研究靶点,具有重要的理论价值和潜在的临床意义。

研究人员首先在组织病理标本中观察,尽管脑转移的肿瘤源自不同类型的原发肿瘤,Iba+髓系细胞浸润是多种脑转移肿瘤组织的共同的显着特征。随后在乳腺癌脑转移实验模型中作者证实了髓系细胞浸润程度跟转移灶的大小和分期密切相关。 此外,通过高分辨三维成像发现,浸润的髓系细胞具有典型的分布模式和活化相关的形态特征。

接下来的质谱流式细胞技术(CyTOF)分析发现,与正常脑组织相比,脑转移浸润的免疫细胞具有独特的免疫细胞组成格局和分子表型。作者们进一步运用能对成千上万不同单个细胞同时检测表面蛋白标记和转录组的新型单细胞测序技术CITE-seq(Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by sequencing)开展研究。这个结果是CITE-seq技术在肿瘤脑转移领域的首次应用。

通过多维度的蛋白和RNA数据分析发现,脑转移相关髓系细胞(激活状态)相对于正常脑组织髓系细胞(静息状态)展现截然不同的转录谱,两者分别具有发散性和会聚性的基因表达特征。更重要的是,脑转移小鼠模型上单细胞测序的结果在临床病人脑转移和胶质瘤单细胞测序数据中得到了验证。

在上述高通量、多维度单细胞表型差异分析的过程中,研究人员发现Cx3cr1表达在有脑转移的小鼠中枢神经系统自身的髓系细胞(CNS-myeloids)中显着下调。考虑到Cx3cr1在髓系细胞中普遍表达,作者们采用Cx3cr1CreERT/+:ROSA26iDTR/+小鼠模型,在乳腺癌脑转移过程中给予他莫昔芬(Tamoxifen) 及 白喉毒素,发现条件性去除广谱髓系细胞(图1)可明显减少转移灶数量。

图1 条件性去除广谱髓系细胞的实验设计

有意思的是,利用CCR2基因敲除小鼠去除外周骨髓来源的髓系细胞(BMDM)对脑转移的影响十分有限。这个结果和以往普遍认为的BMDM在原发脑肿瘤中的作用非常不同。作者进一步运用了特异性去除CNS-myeloids动物模型(图2)。去除CNS-myeloids可明显抑制脑转移数量。由此提示CNS-myeloids在促进脑转移的发展过程中具有主导作用。

图2 特异性去除CNS-myeloids的实验方案

在此基础上,研究人员进一步发现,在CNS-myeloids中针对性敲除Cx3cr1(图3)同样可以增加实验性脑转移病灶。接下来他们对CNS-myeloids是如何通过Cx3cr1影响脑转移发展这一难题展开了系统的探索。作者们深入分析了单细胞测序结果,发现Cx3cr1敲除的CNS-myeloids中干扰素应答显着增强并且趋化因子Cxcl10表达上调。

图3 通过骨髓移植实现针对CNS-myeloids的Cx3cr1敲除实验

进一步的机制研究发现,Cxcl10 通过募集VISTAHiPD-L1+的免疫抑制性CNS-myeloids,进而抑制T细胞的抗肿瘤作用。在实验小鼠中给予VISTA 和 PD-L1中和抗体可提高T细胞浸润及其免疫活性进而显着减少脑转移瘤数量。

概况来说,这项研究通过采用独特的基因工程小鼠模型,巧妙的实验设计,结合临床病人数据以及高通量、多维度的单细胞分析(图4),揭示了中枢神经系统自身的髓系细胞CNS-myeloids可通过趋化因子Cxcl10信号形成特异性免疫抑制微环境促进脑转移的发展,充分说明了组织免疫微环境对肿瘤转移发生发展过程的重要调控作用。该研究有望为探索脑转移的免疫治疗提供新的策略。

图4 中枢神经系统髓系细胞CNS-myeloids通过趋化因子Cxcl10信号形成特异性免疫抑制微环境促进脑转移的发展

张思园教授团队近两年来在肿瘤脑转移以及利用单细胞测序研究肿瘤免疫微环境方面做出了许多突出的成果。该团队去年8月在 Nature Communications 杂志上报道了一种单细胞分析指导下克服靶向药物耐受型乳腺癌的联合免疫治疗策略;今年6月又在 Nature Communications 报道了Rab11b蛋白介导的整合素循环促进脑转移的作用机制。

原始出处:

Ian H Guldner, Qingfei Wang, Lin Yang, et al.CNS-Native Myeloid Cells Drive Immune Suppression in the Brain Metastatic Niche through Cxcl10.Cell. 2020 Oct 22;S0092-8674(20)31305-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.064.

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (8)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=961030, encodeId=fc6b96103006, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8c005479079, createdName=ms2000001427597796, createdTime=Tue Apr 27 20:12:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1872033, encodeId=ca4918e2033b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 07:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962335, encodeId=5e2619623353e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283156, encodeId=1f8b1283156d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1288306, encodeId=b007128830633, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f10658e342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58734, encryptionId=f10658e342d, topicName=新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1517387, encodeId=9a47151e387e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=817b64646b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64646, encryptionId=817b64646b3, topicName=治疗新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=251911073486, createdName=12498f1em11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624267, encodeId=94bc162426e66, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039340, encodeId=d551103934015, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 21:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-04-27 ms2000001427597796

    学习

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=961030, encodeId=fc6b96103006, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8c005479079, createdName=ms2000001427597796, createdTime=Tue Apr 27 20:12:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1872033, encodeId=ca4918e2033b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 07:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962335, encodeId=5e2619623353e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283156, encodeId=1f8b1283156d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1288306, encodeId=b007128830633, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f10658e342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58734, encryptionId=f10658e342d, topicName=新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1517387, encodeId=9a47151e387e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=817b64646b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64646, encryptionId=817b64646b3, topicName=治疗新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=251911073486, createdName=12498f1em11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624267, encodeId=94bc162426e66, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039340, encodeId=d551103934015, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 21:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=961030, encodeId=fc6b96103006, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8c005479079, createdName=ms2000001427597796, createdTime=Tue Apr 27 20:12:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1872033, encodeId=ca4918e2033b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 07:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962335, encodeId=5e2619623353e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283156, encodeId=1f8b1283156d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1288306, encodeId=b007128830633, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f10658e342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58734, encryptionId=f10658e342d, topicName=新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1517387, encodeId=9a47151e387e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=817b64646b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64646, encryptionId=817b64646b3, topicName=治疗新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=251911073486, createdName=12498f1em11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624267, encodeId=94bc162426e66, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039340, encodeId=d551103934015, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 21:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-26 维他命
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=961030, encodeId=fc6b96103006, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8c005479079, createdName=ms2000001427597796, createdTime=Tue Apr 27 20:12:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1872033, encodeId=ca4918e2033b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 07:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962335, encodeId=5e2619623353e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283156, encodeId=1f8b1283156d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1288306, encodeId=b007128830633, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f10658e342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58734, encryptionId=f10658e342d, topicName=新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1517387, encodeId=9a47151e387e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=817b64646b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64646, encryptionId=817b64646b3, topicName=治疗新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=251911073486, createdName=12498f1em11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624267, encodeId=94bc162426e66, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039340, encodeId=d551103934015, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 21:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=961030, encodeId=fc6b96103006, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8c005479079, createdName=ms2000001427597796, createdTime=Tue Apr 27 20:12:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1872033, encodeId=ca4918e2033b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 07:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962335, encodeId=5e2619623353e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283156, encodeId=1f8b1283156d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1288306, encodeId=b007128830633, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f10658e342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58734, encryptionId=f10658e342d, topicName=新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1517387, encodeId=9a47151e387e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=817b64646b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64646, encryptionId=817b64646b3, topicName=治疗新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=251911073486, createdName=12498f1em11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624267, encodeId=94bc162426e66, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039340, encodeId=d551103934015, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 21:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-10-31 lsndxfj
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=961030, encodeId=fc6b96103006, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8c005479079, createdName=ms2000001427597796, createdTime=Tue Apr 27 20:12:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1872033, encodeId=ca4918e2033b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 07:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962335, encodeId=5e2619623353e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283156, encodeId=1f8b1283156d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1288306, encodeId=b007128830633, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f10658e342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58734, encryptionId=f10658e342d, topicName=新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1517387, encodeId=9a47151e387e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=817b64646b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64646, encryptionId=817b64646b3, topicName=治疗新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=251911073486, createdName=12498f1em11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624267, encodeId=94bc162426e66, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039340, encodeId=d551103934015, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 21:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=961030, encodeId=fc6b96103006, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8c005479079, createdName=ms2000001427597796, createdTime=Tue Apr 27 20:12:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1872033, encodeId=ca4918e2033b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 07:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962335, encodeId=5e2619623353e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283156, encodeId=1f8b1283156d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1288306, encodeId=b007128830633, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f10658e342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58734, encryptionId=f10658e342d, topicName=新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1517387, encodeId=9a47151e387e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=817b64646b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64646, encryptionId=817b64646b3, topicName=治疗新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=251911073486, createdName=12498f1em11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624267, encodeId=94bc162426e66, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039340, encodeId=d551103934015, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 21:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=961030, encodeId=fc6b96103006, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8c005479079, createdName=ms2000001427597796, createdTime=Tue Apr 27 20:12:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1872033, encodeId=ca4918e2033b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 07:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962335, encodeId=5e2619623353e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:05:55 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283156, encodeId=1f8b1283156d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1288306, encodeId=b007128830633, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f10658e342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58734, encryptionId=f10658e342d, topicName=新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1517387, encodeId=9a47151e387e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=817b64646b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗新靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64646, encryptionId=817b64646b3, topicName=治疗新靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=251911073486, createdName=12498f1em11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624267, encodeId=94bc162426e66, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 09:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039340, encodeId=d551103934015, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 21:05:55 CST 2020, time=2020-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-10-29 肿肿

    机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要

    0

相关资讯

Cancer Discov :癌细胞想从淋巴转移?科学家:抱歉,此路不通

像健康组织一样,肿瘤也有两种不同的血管系统。除了提供氧气和营养的血管外,还有负责运输免疫系统细胞和组织液的淋巴管,体内的癌细胞正是通过这两种途径扩散并形成子代肿瘤(所谓的转移瘤)。

BMC Med:为什么说吃红肉致癌?这回科学家给出了分子证据

不同的饮食习惯与各种人类疾病密切相关,如癌症、心血管疾病、2型糖尿病、肥胖症和高血压。已有大量研究表明,大量食用哺乳动物源性食物(即红肉和乳制品)被认为是人类患癌症和心血管疾病的风险因素。

Blood:免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的癌症患者的血栓栓塞风险增加!

目前,与免疫检查点抑制剂相关的静脉和动脉血栓栓塞(VTE/ATE)的风险尚未完全明确,在癌症患者中评估这类药物的临床试验并未提供相关信息。

PNAS:益生菌显奇效!王锋团队报道双歧杆菌可缓解癌症免疫治疗副作用

免疫检查点阻断作为有效的肿瘤免疫治疗手段,近年在临床应用上取得突破性进展。但针对 CTLA-4 和 PD-1 等免疫检查点的抑制剂提升抗肿瘤效力的同时,打破了免疫平衡,并由此引危及生命的自身免疫反应。

Nature:同期两篇!从基础研究到药物研发,李明团队发明“癌症环境免疫疗法”

以免疫检查点阻滞(Immune Checkpoint Blockade, ICB)为代表的癌症免疫疗法(Cancer immunotherapy)的出现,给癌症治疗领域带来革命性的改变。

Cancer cell:科学家开发出人工智能系统,让AI为癌症患者匹配更佳药物组合

研究人员创建了一个名为DrugCell的新人工智能(AI)系统,该系统让肿瘤与最佳药物组合相匹配成为可能。

Baidu
map
Baidu
map
Baidu
map