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类癌综合征诊治进展

2019-02-03 MedSci MedSci原创

作者:陈洁,中山大学附属第一医院消化内科主任医师 【定义】 类癌综合征(carcinoid syndrome)[1]是由于功能性神经内分泌肿瘤所分泌的多种肽类和胺类激素如组织胺、激肽、5-羟色胺、前列腺素等进入体循环,引起的以发作性腹痛、腹泻、皮肤潮红、心脏瓣膜病、毛细血管扩张、喘息、糙皮病等临床表现的综合征,严重时可以出现威胁生命的类癌危象(carcinoid crisis)。类癌综合征多发

作者:陈洁,中山大学附属第一医院消化内科主任医师

【定义】

类癌综合征(carcinoid syndrome)[1]是由于功能性神经内分泌肿瘤所分泌的多种肽类和胺类激素如组织胺、激肽、5-羟色胺、前列腺素等进入体循环,引起的以发作性腹痛、腹泻、皮肤潮红、心脏瓣膜病、毛细血管扩张、喘息、糙皮病等临床表现的综合征,严重时可以出现威胁生命的类癌危象(carcinoid crisis)。类癌综合征多发生于前肠和中肠的神经内分泌肿瘤,尤其在肿瘤出现肝转移后,所分泌的激素不能被肝脏灭活而大量进入体循环从而导致各种激素相关症状。

【发病机理与临床症状】

神经内分泌肿瘤细胞可产生多种生物活性物质,导致类癌综合征的最主要的是5-羟色胺、缓激肽、组胺及前列腺素等[1,2]

5-羟色胺来源于食物中的色氨酸。在正常情况下,色氨酸有99%被机体利用,形成烟酸或烟酰胺,只有1%被利用生成5-羟色胺。在发生神经内分泌肿瘤后,食物中的色氨酸有60%在神经内分泌肿瘤细胞中转变为5-羟色胺,因此在神经内分泌肿瘤患者血液中5-羟色胺明显增加。由色氨酸形成5-羟色胺的过程如下:色氨酸在5-羟化酶的作用下,形成5-羟色氨酸,再经芳香酸脱羧酶的作用,生成5-羟色胺;5-羟色胺在单胺氧化酶的作用下,转变为5-羟吲哚乙醛,在醛脱氢酶作用下,转变为5-羟吲哚酸(5-HIAA),此为无生物活性物质,自尿中排出。正常人血液中5-羟色胺为0.1~0.2μg/ml,24小时尿中5-羟吲哚乙酸为10mg以下。在类癌综合征患者中,血内5-羟色胺可达0.8μg/ml, 24小时尿中5-羟吲哚乙酸可高达100~3000mg。5-羟色胺的主要作用是使血管扩张,支气管平滑肌痉挛,肠道蠕动增加。因而5-羟色胺增多可致皮肤潮红、喘息、腹痛、腹泻。此外5-羟色胺可刺激纤维母细胞增殖,引起心脏(主要是右心)内膜纤维化[1,2]

缓激肽是引起类癌综合征的另一种比较主要的生物活性物质。在神经内分泌肿瘤组织中有大量的血管舒缓素,这是一种蛋白水解酶,作用于激肽原,生成赖氨酸缓激肽(胰激肽),在胺肽酶的作用下,赖氨酸缓激肽又转变为缓激肽。缓激肽的作用是使小动脉舒张、血压下降、心率增快、毛细血管舒张、皮肤潮红。与5-羟色胺所致潮红皮肤一般较温暖不同,缓激肽引起皮肤潮红,皮肤温度不高,为冷型。此外缓激肽还可以使血管通透性增加,血浆外渗,皮肤水肿(特别容易发生在眼睑及口唇),亦可使支气管痉挛而发生喘息[1]

肠道的功能性神经内分泌肿瘤若无肝脏转移,很少出现类癌综合征。因肝脏有大量的单胺氧化酶,当5-羟色胺经门脉进入肝脏时,即被转变为5-羟吲哚乙酸,而使其失去活性。若已有肝脏转移,一方面因为产生的5-羟色胺过多超过了肝脏的灭活能力,另一方面5-羟色胺可以直接经肝静脉而进入体循环,因此类癌综合征常常发生于肿瘤肝转移后[1]

前肠(主要是胃和支气管)神经内分泌肿瘤由于缺乏芳香酸脱羧酶,无法将5-羟色氨酸转化为5-羟色胺,因此这些肿瘤主要产生5-羟色氨酸、组胺和一些多肽激素,临床上出现非典型类癌综合征。组胺也可使皮肤潮红及喘息,同时可使胃酸增加而发生消化性溃疡。中肠神经内分泌肿瘤常常产生大量5-羟色胺导致典型的类癌综合征,在所有类癌综合征中,由中肠神经内分泌肿瘤所导致的占了75%-90%。后肠神经内分泌肿瘤由于缺乏将色氨酸转化为5-羟色胺的酶,因此即使发生肝转移也很少出现类癌综合征[1]

下表总结了类癌综合征的各种临床症状和介导这些症状的相应激素[1]

器官

症状

发生率

介导激素

皮肤

潮红

85%

缓激肽

毛细血管扩张

25%

紫绀

18%

糙皮病

7%

色氨酸过度消耗致烟酸缺乏

胃肠道

腹泻

75%

5-羟色胺、速激肽、组胺、前列腺素等

痉挛性腹痛

85%

心血管系统

右心损害

40%

5-羟色胺代谢产物

左心损害

10%

呼吸系统

支气管痉挛

19%

速激肽和缓激肽

类癌综合征严重时可以出现威胁生命的类癌危象(carcinoidcrisis)[1]。类癌危象也主要发生于前肠和中肠神经内分泌肿瘤,临床表现为低血压、心动过速、支气管痉挛、潮红及中枢神经系统功能障碍。类癌危象可自发发生,也可在麻醉后或者化疗、放化疗导致肿瘤溶解释放大量胺类激素进入系统循环后发生。

类癌综合征患者60-80%会发生类癌性心脏病(carcinoid heart disease)[1,3]。类癌性心脏病主要病理表现为心瓣膜和心内膜纤维性增厚,多发生在右侧心腔,临床上出现以三尖瓣关闭不全及狭窄、肺动脉瓣关闭不全及狭窄等为主要临床表现的心脏疾病。但有约10%的类癌性心脏病也累及左心。

诊断

类癌综合征的诊断包括如下方面:

1.临床上有发作性皮肤潮红、腹痛、腹泻等症状;

2.生物标记物的检测。类癌综合征患者特异性升高的生物标记物包括血中的5-羟色胺及尿中5-HIAA[2]。在前肠神经内分泌肿瘤,因缺乏芳香酸脱羧酶因此血中5-羟色胺浓度常常不高。类癌综合征患者24小时尿中5-HIAA大于30mg。24小时尿5-HIAA排出量波动很大,而且受食物的影响,如吃马铃薯、香蕉、菠萝后,尿中5-HIAA排出量增加,因此需反复多次验尿(至少2个24小时),且要禁食上述食物24小时后所得结果才较为可靠。此外,目前用于诊断神经内分泌肿瘤的通用生物标记物铬粒素A(Chromogranin A,CgA)也可以用于类癌综合征的辅助诊断。铬粒素A存在于大部分神经内分泌肿瘤细胞的大分泌颗粒基质中,与肽类或胺类激素共同释放,它还是血管生成抑制因子、胰抑素等几种功能肽的前体,是目前公认更有价值的神经内分泌肿瘤(无论是功能性还是非功能性)的“通用”肿瘤标记物。血清或血浆CgA升高对神经内分泌肿瘤诊断的敏感性和特异性在70%-100%之间[4]

3.对于导致类癌综合征的神经内分泌肿瘤的定位诊断。各种影像学检查包括内镜、超声内镜、超声、CT、MRI、生长抑素受体显像(Somatostatin receptor scinigraphy, SRS)、PET-CT等均可用于肿瘤的定位诊断[5]。内镜主要用于食道和胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤的检查。超声、CT、MRI可以发现直径大于25px的病灶,检查阳性率在60%-90%之间。值得指出的是,超声内镜对于胰腺、十二指肠和胃的神经内分泌肿瘤定位具有独特的优势,甚至可以检出直径小于25px的病灶,其诊断敏感性达80%-90%。SRS是敏感性和特异性均较高的神经内分泌肿瘤定位诊断技术。由于55%-95%的神经内分泌肿瘤细胞表面表达生长抑素受体(Somatostatin receptor,SSTR),特别是SSTR2和SSTR5,可以与生长抑素(Somatostatin,SST)类似物如奥曲肽(Octreotide)特异性结合,SRS就是将适当的放射性核素标记的SST类似物引入体内,与肿瘤表面的受体特异性结合使肿瘤显像,从而进行肿瘤灶和转移灶定位诊断的技术,此外,SRS还可用于预测肿瘤对生长抑素类药物或核素治疗的敏感性。SRS对神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断敏感性在60%-100%之间。PET-CT是一种功能性显像技术,能反映肿瘤的代谢状况。常用的示踪剂18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)仅对低分化高增殖的神经内分泌肿瘤敏感;利用特殊的示踪剂,如11C-5-羟色胺(11C-5-hydroxytryptophan, 11C-5HTP),可大幅提高PET-CT对神经内分泌肿瘤诊断的特异度和灵敏度,特别是对直径小于25px的肿瘤。

4.类癌性心脏病的诊断[1,3]。在类癌综合征基础上诊断类癌性心脏病的两个关键检查是血清生物标记物N末端脑钠肽(NT-pro-BNP)和经胸超声心动图。类癌性心脏病患者的NT-pro-BNP水平高于非类癌性心脏病者。其对类癌性心脏病诊断的阴性预测值很高,可用作类癌性心脏病的筛选检查。超声心动图可以对心脏的瓣膜损害有较清楚的评估,典型的超声所见是三尖瓣叶、肺动脉瓣叶及相应的瓣下结构增厚,瓣叶漂移减少,最后瓣叶回缩、固定、不结合,导致瓣膜保持在半开位置,功能上可联合出现瓣膜反流和狭窄。三尖瓣与肺动脉瓣联合受损加重血流动力学紊乱。右房和右室通常扩大。右室容量超负荷,室间隔呈现矛盾性运动,右心室功能到病程很晚才出现受损。10%的类癌性心脏病可累及左心瓣膜。

综上,典型的临床症状、血清5-羟色胺及尿5-HIAA升高、血清铬粒素A升高可诊断类癌综合征,在此基础上血清NT-pro-BNP升高、超声心动图典型的右心瓣膜损害可以确诊类癌性心脏病,最后通过影像学检查定位导致类癌综合征的神经内分泌肿瘤。

【治疗】

对类癌综合征的治疗首先是尽可能通过手术切除导致类癌综合征的神经内分泌肿瘤本身,如果不能根治性切除,必要的减瘤手术或者具有减瘤效应的介入手术也有助于减轻类癌综合征的症状。对于无法手术治疗的患者,可通过肽受体介导的放射性核素治疗(Peptide Radio Receptor Therapy,PRRT)或者药物治疗控制症状[6]。类癌综合征的主要治疗药物包括生长抑素类似物和干扰素[7]

生长抑素类似物通过与神经内分泌肿瘤表面的生长抑素受体结合,抑制肿瘤细胞的激素分泌,可以较好控制类癌综合征的潮红、腹泻等症状,并有一定的抗肿瘤生长作用[7]生长抑素类似物也用于类癌危象和类癌心脏病的治疗。使用生长抑素类似物治疗后可以观察到尿5-HIAA水平显著下降。目前可用于类癌综合征治疗的生长抑素类似物包括奥曲肽(octreotide,商品名Sandostatin)和兰瑞肽(lanreotide,商品名 Somatuline),二者均对SSTR2和SSTR5有较强亲和力,对SSTR1和SSTR4无亲和力,对SSTR3亲和力较弱。奥曲肽的长效制剂称为Sandostatin-LAR,兰瑞肽有两种长效制剂,一种称为Somatuline-PR,另一种称为Somatuline Autogel。上述生长抑素类似物治疗类癌综合征的剂量与用法分别如下:奥曲肽300-1500μg/日,皮下注射;Sandostatin-LAR 20-60mg, 每2-4周肌注一次;Somatuline-PR 30 mg,每2周肌注一次;Somatuline Autogel 90-120mg,每4周肌注一次。对于使用长效生长抑素类似物治疗的患者,如果治疗期间出现症状突破或者症状控制不满意,可以加用奥曲肽进行“挽救”治疗[7]

干扰素可以与神经内分泌肿瘤表面的干扰素受体结合,通过一系列信号通路的激活,抑制激素的合成或者导致激素降解。干扰素对大约40%的类癌综合征患者有效,其对潮红症状的缓解优于腹泻。但干扰素不能用于类癌危象和类癌性心脏病的治疗。因此干扰素在临床主要用于类癌综合征的二线治疗[7]

最新研发的用于类癌综合征治疗的药物包括:新型生长抑素类似物帕瑞肽(Pasireotide),帕瑞肽对SSTR1、2、3和SSTR5均有较强的亲和力,II期临床试验结果表明帕瑞肽对复发或者标准剂量奥曲肽耐药的小肠类癌综合征患者可以有效控制其腹泻和潮红症状[7]。新型药物telotristat etiprate是一种口服5-羟色胺合成抑制剂,II期临床试验结果表明对于复发或者长效奥曲肽耐药的类癌综合征患者telotristat etiprate可以较好地改善其腹泻症状并使尿5-HIAA水平显著下降[8]

对于类癌性心脏病,生长抑素类似物治疗可以减轻其临床症状,但是不能逆转5-羟色胺所导致的心脏瓣膜损害,必要时需要通过外科行瓣膜置换术来改善患者的心脏功能,延长其生存期[3]

外科手术可因手术本身或术前麻醉导致类癌危象。围手术期给予奥曲肽减少5-羟色胺释放,是手术时预防类癌危象最有效的方法。至少在术前 2 h开始静脉奥曲肽( 50~100μg/h)输注,持续到术后48 h。之后患者可能需要皮下注射奥曲肽,剂量取决于以前的需要量和类癌综合征的控制情况。此外避免或尽量少用促进类癌综合征介质释放的药物,如阿片类药物、神经肌肉松弛剂、多巴胺和肾上腺素类药物,以减少触发类癌危象的风险[3]

(本文是作者为2014年CSCO年会的特约撰稿)

关于陈洁:

陈洁,女,主任医师,医学博士,硕士研究生导师。中山大学附属第一医院消化内科主任医师。中华医学会消化病学分会青年委员会委员、中华医学会消化病学分会肿瘤协作组委员、广东省医学会消化病分会消化肿瘤学组副组长、广州抗癌协会胃癌专业委员会常委、欧洲神经内分泌肿瘤学会(ENETS)会员及ENETS顾问委员会(ENETS advisory board)委员。

2002-2004年在德国马格德堡Otto-von-Guericke大学医学院胃肠,肝病及感染病系从事博士后研究两年,主要研究方向为消化道肿瘤的发病机制;2008-2009年在中山大学附属肿瘤医院内科进修,学习消化道肿瘤的治疗,包括化疗及分子靶向治疗。2011年11月-2011年12月赴英国牛津大学Churchill hospital及伦敦大学Royal free hospital、King,s College Hospital进修胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊治。对消化系统常见疾病(包括慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、慢性肝病、功能性胃肠病等)的诊断与治疗有较丰富的临床经验;熟练掌握消化内镜技术。擅长各种消化道肿瘤,尤其是胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊治。

【参考文献】

1.Caplin M, Yao JC. Handbook of Gastroenteropancreatic and Thoracic Neuroendocrine Tumours. Chapter 5, Page 79-81. Published August 2011, by BioScientifica.

2.O’Toole D, Grossman A, Gross D et al.ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Biochemical Markers.Neuroendocrinology 2009;90:194–202.

3.Patel C, Mathur M, Escarcega RO,etal. Carcinoid heart disease: Current understanding and future directions.Am Heart J. 2014;167:789-795.

4.Singh S and Law C.Chromogranin A: a sensitive biomarker for the detection and post-treatment monitoring of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2012;6: 313–334.

5.陈旻湖,陈洁。胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤诊治新进展。中华消化杂志,2011318):505-508

6.Pavel M,Kidd M,Modlin I.Systemic therapeutic options for carcinoid. Semin Oncol.2013 Feb; 40(1):84-99.

7.Caplin M, Yao JC. Handbook of Gastroenteropancreatic and Thoracic Neuroendocrine Tumours. Chapter 7, Page 118-121. Published August 2011, by BioScientifica.

8.Kulke M, O’Dorisio T, Phan A, et al. Efficacy of Telotristat Etiprate in Refractory Carcinoid Syndrome: Preliminary Results of a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Study. Presented at the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) Meeting – Copenhagen, Denmark – March 7-9, 2012.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740458, encodeId=be581e404584c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0ba916e323' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91673, encryptionId=e0ba916e323, topicName=诊治进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c3934772489, createdName=12498cbcm11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Mar 30 17:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1955937, encodeId=e74f195593e41, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82b3e614798' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#类癌综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76147, encryptionId=82b3e614798, topicName=类癌综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ae503, createdName=pps20019, createdTime=Fri Dec 27 07:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360519, encodeId=87cd3605191b, content=学习了,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=71f71699602, createdName=1de7a66em30(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Feb 13 09:03:09 CST 2019, time=2019-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360013, encodeId=3a31360013d6, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 22:52:45 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431434, encodeId=896314314342e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 04:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359884, encodeId=148d35988488, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Feb 03 14:01:21 CST 2019, time=2019-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740458, encodeId=be581e404584c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0ba916e323' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91673, encryptionId=e0ba916e323, topicName=诊治进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c3934772489, createdName=12498cbcm11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Mar 30 17:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1955937, encodeId=e74f195593e41, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82b3e614798' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#类癌综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76147, encryptionId=82b3e614798, topicName=类癌综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ae503, createdName=pps20019, createdTime=Fri Dec 27 07:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360519, encodeId=87cd3605191b, content=学习了,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=71f71699602, createdName=1de7a66em30(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Feb 13 09:03:09 CST 2019, time=2019-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360013, encodeId=3a31360013d6, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 22:52:45 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431434, encodeId=896314314342e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 04:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359884, encodeId=148d35988488, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Feb 03 14:01:21 CST 2019, time=2019-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740458, encodeId=be581e404584c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0ba916e323' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91673, encryptionId=e0ba916e323, topicName=诊治进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c3934772489, createdName=12498cbcm11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Mar 30 17:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1955937, encodeId=e74f195593e41, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82b3e614798' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#类癌综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76147, encryptionId=82b3e614798, topicName=类癌综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ae503, createdName=pps20019, createdTime=Fri Dec 27 07:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360519, encodeId=87cd3605191b, content=学习了,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=71f71699602, createdName=1de7a66em30(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Feb 13 09:03:09 CST 2019, time=2019-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360013, encodeId=3a31360013d6, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 22:52:45 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431434, encodeId=896314314342e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 04:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359884, encodeId=148d35988488, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Feb 03 14:01:21 CST 2019, time=2019-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-13 1de7a66em30(暂无匿称)

    学习了,很好

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740458, encodeId=be581e404584c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0ba916e323' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91673, encryptionId=e0ba916e323, topicName=诊治进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c3934772489, createdName=12498cbcm11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Mar 30 17:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1955937, encodeId=e74f195593e41, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82b3e614798' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#类癌综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76147, encryptionId=82b3e614798, topicName=类癌综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ae503, createdName=pps20019, createdTime=Fri Dec 27 07:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360519, encodeId=87cd3605191b, content=学习了,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=71f71699602, createdName=1de7a66em30(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Feb 13 09:03:09 CST 2019, time=2019-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360013, encodeId=3a31360013d6, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 22:52:45 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431434, encodeId=896314314342e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 04:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359884, encodeId=148d35988488, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Feb 03 14:01:21 CST 2019, time=2019-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-05 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740458, encodeId=be581e404584c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0ba916e323' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91673, encryptionId=e0ba916e323, topicName=诊治进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c3934772489, createdName=12498cbcm11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Mar 30 17:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1955937, encodeId=e74f195593e41, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82b3e614798' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#类癌综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76147, encryptionId=82b3e614798, topicName=类癌综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ae503, createdName=pps20019, createdTime=Fri Dec 27 07:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360519, encodeId=87cd3605191b, content=学习了,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=71f71699602, createdName=1de7a66em30(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Feb 13 09:03:09 CST 2019, time=2019-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360013, encodeId=3a31360013d6, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 22:52:45 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431434, encodeId=896314314342e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 04:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359884, encodeId=148d35988488, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Feb 03 14:01:21 CST 2019, time=2019-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740458, encodeId=be581e404584c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0ba916e323' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91673, encryptionId=e0ba916e323, topicName=诊治进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c3934772489, createdName=12498cbcm11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Mar 30 17:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1955937, encodeId=e74f195593e41, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82b3e614798' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#类癌综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76147, encryptionId=82b3e614798, topicName=类癌综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ae503, createdName=pps20019, createdTime=Fri Dec 27 07:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360519, encodeId=87cd3605191b, content=学习了,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=71f71699602, createdName=1de7a66em30(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Feb 13 09:03:09 CST 2019, time=2019-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360013, encodeId=3a31360013d6, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 22:52:45 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431434, encodeId=896314314342e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 04:49:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359884, encodeId=148d35988488, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Feb 03 14:01:21 CST 2019, time=2019-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-03 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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肠源性血清素被视为是骨形成的一个调节因子,在啮齿动物抑制肠道血清素合成可以增加骨形成。在人类,良性神经内分泌肿瘤可以产生非常高水平的循环血清素,因此,提供了一个血清素过量的模型。为了确定类癌综合症患者与健康对照者相比,是否有较低的骨形成指标、较低的骨密度(BMD)或较差的骨结构,来自英国谢菲尔德北区综合医院骨代谢中心的Jennifer S Walsh博士及其团队进行了一项研究,该研究发现类癌综合征

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IPSEN近日宣布,欧盟委员会已经批准了每日三次250 mg剂量的Xermelo药物联合生长抑素类似物(SSA)用于类癌综合征腹泻在成人不充分控制的SSA治疗。该批准将允许IPSEN在欧盟、挪威和冰岛等28个成员国中销售Xermelo。2017年2月,美国FDA批准Xermelo与生长抑素类似药联合用于成年患者类癌综合征腹泻治疗,适用于仅使用生长抑素类似药治疗疾病得不到控制的患者。

Lancet oncol:类癌综合征与预后

神经内分泌肿瘤(NETs)分泌生物活性胺类,产生类癌综合征,症状包括潮热、腹泻。目前为止NET患者发生类癌综合征的频度并不清楚,与临床病理特征的关联也不明确。美国Halperin教授就上述问题进行了研究,结果发表在The Lancet Oncology杂志。法国的Ducreux教授在同期杂志中发表评说,强调类癌综合征的认识虽已超过75年,但也仅限于诊断NETs,与临床再无其它任何关联。

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