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2010中国缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作二级预防指南对卒中医疗质量管理的帮助有多大?

2012-04-27 陈蓉 医学论坛网

       针对目前临床卒中救治的不规范,《2010中国缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作二级预防指南》对中国卒中患者的防治给出建设性的指导。按照指南规范化操作,可以提高卒中患者治疗的有效性。那么,遵循指南对卒中医疗质量管理的帮助究竟有多大?分享来自首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院董可辉教授的分析和见解。   &nb

       针对目前临床卒中救治的不规范,《2010中国缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作二级预防指南》对中国卒中患者的防治给出建设性的指导。按照指南规范化操作,可以提高卒中患者治疗的有效性。那么,遵循指南对卒中医疗质量管理的帮助究竟有多大?分享来自首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院董可辉教授的分析和见解。




        图片1显示的美国“Get With the Guidelines-Stroke”项目[Circulation.2010-02-23;121(7):879-91.]是排在2010美国卒中十大进展的第四位的一个项目。这个项目从2003年启动到2010年累计病人数达到了100万。从图中所示,经过中间的8年时间,医生对于指南的遵循度从41%上升到83%,这项研究之后也分析了医生对指南遵循度的升高病人是否获益。



        图2显示的是2010发表在《循环》杂志
[Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes.2010-05;3(3):291-302.]上的一篇文章。它当时选用的指标包括死亡率、出院回家、住院天数。其中关于住院天数,要求是4天为一个界限。从图中可以看到,2003年死亡率为5.8%,到2009年已经达到了5.2%,死亡率基本下降了10%。P值小于0.001,有统计学意义。

       关于出院回家的比例,2003年是46.8%,2009年提升到49.6%,P值也具有统计学意义。

       而在医院停留的时间超过四天的比例,2003年是46.5%,2009年达到39.7%。结论是如果临床医生遵循指南进行规范化的治疗,不仅可以减少病人的死亡率,而且可以提高出院比例,并且减少在医院延迟住院的时间。因此临床医生如果规范医疗行为,病人可以获益。

董可辉
       对于临床医生中存在要么不遵循指南凭感觉走,要么刻板的遵循指南的现象。

       临床医生的医疗行为一般经过三个时期:第一个时期可能是任意制或者更多的依据前辈的经验来进行治疗;第二个时期是逐渐开始遵循指南,进行规范化的治疗。第三个时期个体化治疗。例如从复发率来看,一个ESSEN评分为低危的患者,在临床上通过分析却并不是一个低危患者,如果病人是一个年轻的卒中患者,他有吸烟史,做相关学科检查,发现有动脉粥样硬化斑块,他既没有高血压也没有糖尿病,也从来没出现心脑血管事件,此时从ESSEN评分来看只有两分,也就是属于低危的患者,卒中复发率不高。但是临床检查上看,发现了大片的梗死,考虑是栓塞病灶,做相关学科检查又发现颈动脉漂浮的血栓。此时如果机械的按照指南走,这位患者就是一位低危患者,使用阿司匹林进行标准降脂即可。但实际上结合病人的具体情况,我们可以得出他实际已经属于极高危患者,需要进行短期双联抗血小板和强化的他汀治疗。因此对于临床医生而言,最高的境界应该是在遵循指南的基础上,结合病人的具体情况,进行一个体化的治疗。

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