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年轻患者发生心肌梗死,最终病因竟是这种罕见病!

2018-06-20 水如烟 医学界心血管频道

抽丝剥茧,及时发现关键体征,做出正确诊断。

病例简介

患者,男性,26岁,经常胸痛,过去2周里容易感到疲倦,一天看电视时出现两次胸痛,持续5分钟,由于症状持续,遂去医院就诊.

心电图怀疑为急性心肌梗死。患者血压153/98mmHg,其他生命体征正常,体格检查未见明显异常。肌酸激酶水平、肾功、肝功和凝血功能及 C反应蛋白均正常, cTnI水平(98.9 pg/ml)和WBC计数 (14000/ul) 升高,血清TC、LDL-C、HDL-C 、TG 分别为218、151、50和40 mg/dL。

胸部平片示心脏扩张(心胸比例为53%),没有胸腔积液或肺部充血。心电图显示前间隔(V1-4)ST段抬高,相应的下壁(II, III和 aVf)引起ST段改变(图1)。经胸超声心动图可以显示前间隔从基底部到心尖部的室壁节段性运动异常。因此, 患者被诊断为急性前间隔心肌梗死,患者接受了冠状动脉手术。


图1

血管造影显示左前降支近端总闭塞,右冠状动脉弥漫性狭窄 (图 2)。由于心电图表明, 罪魁祸首在左前降支近端, 我们进行了PCI手术。


图2

患者1年前体检结果显示BMI指数26.7kg/m2)、高血压 (150/96 mmHg)、血脂异常(TC, LDL- C 和 TG 分别是是 245、172和163 mg/dl) 、糖化血红蛋白为6.6% 、空腹血糖130mg/dl。此外, 他每天抽烟20支。他的祖父、父母和哥哥都有过血脂紊乱的病史,他的哥哥和父亲别在33岁和48岁因冠状动脉疾病做过 PCI手术。图3显示了三级亲属的家谱图。


图3

此外, 他患有皮肤和腱黄瘤(图 4) ,没有脂性角膜弓。


图4

最终,患者被诊断为杂合子家族性高胆固醇血症(HeFH),诊断依据:胆固醇水平升高、家族性高胆固醇血症、早发的冠状动脉疾病、皮肤及腱黄瘤。

经典的家族性高胆固醇血症(familialhypercholesterolemia,FH)是一种常染色体(共)显性遗传病,FH是由于低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)介导的LDL在肝脏代谢有关的基因发生致病性突变所致,可分为杂合子(HeFH)、纯合子(HoFH)、复合杂合子和双重杂合子4种类型,以前两类多见。

HoFH较为罕见,患病率为1/100万~3/100万,HeFH患病率约为0.20%~0.48%。HoFH患者全身动脉粥样硬化发生早,进展快,可在儿童及青年期发生心绞痛或心肌梗死,并于20~30岁之前死亡,未经治疗的HeFH患者早发冠心病风险亦显着高于正常人,颈动脉内中膜增厚及冠状动脉钙化也十分常见。因此尽早开展级联筛查,早期诊断和早期治疗是改善FH患者临床预后的重要措施。

一、临床表现有哪些?

1.血清LDL-C水平明显升高

国外研究显示未治疗的HeFH患者血清LDL-C大多在5.0 mmol/L(191 mg/dl)以上,HoFH患者血清LDL-C水平更高,常>13.0 mmol/L(500 mg/dl)。

2.早发动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)

早发ASCVD是FH的主要临床表现之一,其中早发冠心病是常见的临床表型。FH患者早发ASCVD除累及冠状动脉外,也可累及主动脉、颈动脉和肾动脉,出现相应的临床表现。

3.黄色瘤

皮肤/腱黄色瘤是FH临床诊断的重要标志,多出现在肘关节、膝关节伸侧,或臀部及手部等部位。早期可仅表现为跟腱增厚。腱黄色瘤对FH诊断价值最大。

4.脂性角膜弓

脂性角膜弓是角膜周边部基质内的类脂质沉积,约30%的FH患者有脂性角膜弓。<45岁的患者出现脂性角膜弓是提示FH的重要临床指标。

5.其他

HoFH患者可出现主动脉瓣叶和主动脉根部以及其他动脉钙化,部分患者还可出现主动脉瓣狭窄等。

二、如何诊断呢?

作为遗传性疾病,检测到基因致病性突变是诊断FH的金标准,但未发现上述基因突变并不能除外FH。建议成人符合下列标准中的2项即可诊断为FH:

未接受调脂药物治疗的患者血清LDL-C水平≥4.7 mmol/L(180 mg/dl);

有皮肤/腱黄色瘤或<45岁的人存在脂性角膜弓了;

一级亲属中有FH或早发ASCVD,特别是冠心病患者。儿童FH的诊断标准:未治疗的血LDL-C水平≥3.6 mmol/L(140 mg/dl)且一级亲属中有FH患者或早发冠心病患者。

鉴别诊断:

继发性高胆固醇血症:甲状腺功能减退、肾病综合征等因素可出现继发性高胆固醇血症。

植物固醇血症:植物固醇血症以早发冠心病及全身黄色瘤为典型表现,也是由基因突变所致,但二者的致病基因不同,通过血清植物固醇水平测定或基因检测可以鉴别

三、关键是怎么治疗呢?

1.治疗目标

合并与不合并ASCVD的成人FH患者血LDL-C的目标值分别为<1.8 mmol/L(70 mg/dl)和<2.6 mmol/L(100 mg/dl);儿童FH患者血LDL-C的目标值<3.4 mmol/L(130 mg/dl)。

2.治疗性生活方式改善

健康科学的生活方式是FH治疗的基础措施,要鼓励患者戒烟,进食低饱和脂肪酸、低胆固醇饮食。控制体重,建议患者积极参加体育锻炼。

3.药物治疗

FH诊断后应立即启动降胆固醇药物治疗,他汀类药物为首选药物,不仅可降低血LDL-C水平,还可改善FH患者的预后,建议使用最大耐受剂量的强效他汀。FH患者常需联合调脂治疗。他汀类药物联合胆固醇吸收抑制剂依折麦布是联合治疗的首选推荐。

4.其他治疗方法

包括脂蛋白血浆置换、肝脏移植和外科手术、基因治疗。

原始出处:

1.Miyayama T, MiuraS, Komaki T, et al. Acute Myocardial Infarction in a 26-Year-Old Patient WithFamilial Hypercholesteremia[J]. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 2016,8(7):562-565.

2.中华医学会心血管病学分会动脉粥样硬化及冠心病学组,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.家族性高胆固醇血症筛查与诊治中国专家共识[J].中华心血管病杂志,2018,(2):99-103.

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    2018-06-22 syscxl
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    2018-06-21 清幽蓝燕yan

    学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1467330, encodeId=83fb146e33031, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef32e9539e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79539, encryptionId=ef32e9539e8, topicName=罕见)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=29f36868190, createdName=syscxl, createdTime=Fri Jun 22 12:33:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1525694, encodeId=717b1525694d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e96e489842a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#年轻患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48984, encryptionId=e96e489842a, topicName=年轻患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=aab511654279, createdName=minzju5056, createdTime=Fri Jun 22 12:33:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325792, encodeId=97a5325e9270, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJHmctib8wsjB1Y0etxU20nsCbR8rZ2fpibp2STmwH2YzicIsTe9oHRGB6XIMeBqNdIvxODicmzfeQibIw/132, createdBy=82211964557, createdName=清幽蓝燕yan, createdTime=Thu Jun 21 09:03:52 CST 2018, time=2018-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325733, encodeId=6c17325e33bd, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Thu Jun 21 05:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325709, encodeId=5424325e0905, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Thu Jun 21 00:07:14 CST 2018, time=2018-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325657, encodeId=ccd732565e37, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Wed Jun 20 21:51:24 CST 2018, time=2018-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-21 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-21 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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    2018-06-20 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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