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天津血液肿瘤高峰论坛:陈文明教授:新药时代造血干细胞移植在多发性骨髓瘤中地位

2017-11-08 佚名 ioncology

多发性骨髓瘤(MM)是一种发病率较高的恶性血液肿瘤,主要表现为骨髓中克隆性浆细胞增殖,血清及尿液中可检测出其分泌的单克隆免疫球蛋白等特点。目前,MM的治疗进入了新药时代,新型免疫调节剂(IMiDs)及蛋白酶体抑制剂(PI)使得MM患者的长期生存进一步提升,但总体而言,MM仍是一种不可治愈性疾病,造血干细胞移植仍是理论上治愈MM的唯一方法。

多发性骨髓瘤(MM)是一种发病率较高的恶性血液肿瘤,主要表现为骨髓中克隆性浆细胞增殖,血清及尿液中可检测出其分泌的单克隆免疫球蛋白等特点。目前,MM的治疗进入了新药时代,新型免疫调节剂(IMiDs)及蛋白酶体抑制剂(PI)使得MM患者的长期生存进一步提升,但总体而言,MM仍是一种不可治愈性疾病,造血干细胞移植仍是理论上治愈MM的唯一方法。

2017年11月3~5日,第四届天津血液肿瘤高峰论坛在天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院隆重召开,《肿瘤瞭望》特邀首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院的陈文明教授分享新药时代下多发性骨髓瘤与造血干细胞移植的相关进展。

《肿瘤瞭望》:在多发性骨髓瘤新药蓬勃发展的时代,自体造血干细胞移植的地位如何?

陈文明教授:对于适合移植的多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者而言,自体造血干细胞移植(ASCT)是标准的治疗方案之一。在目前新药治疗效果越来越好的背景下,ASCT的治疗地位受到一定的挑战,是否仍需要进行ASCT治疗呢?2017年新英格兰医学杂志上发表了一项研究,比较了进行ASCT与不进行ASCT治疗的优劣性。其结果显示:较之于未进行移植的患者而言,进行ASCT治疗的MM患者,其无进展生存时间(PFS)是延长的,但是两组患者的总体生存时间(OS)未见显着差异。其研究结论认为:ASCT可提升MM患者的PFS,但对于OS却并无获益。这一研究结论使得ASCT对于MM的治疗地位受到挑战。但实际上,该研究中ASCT对于MM患者的总体生存(OS)是否有明显改善作用仍不明确,因为此研究观察时间仅为4年,尚不足以得出一个明确的结论。

即便如此,研究显示进行ASCT的MM患者,其PFS是显着延长的,这也意味着患者的缓解持续时间是延长的,其生活质量是提高的。此外,缓解持续时间的延长将为下次治疗带来获益。因此,即便在目前新药时代下,MM的治疗效果不断提升,但ASCT的治疗地位仍不可替代。

《肿瘤瞭望》:对于标-中危的MM患者而言,一线ASCT和保留自体干细胞前提下复发后进行移植,这两种治疗方法哪个更佳?是否可推迟ASCT?

陈文明教授:这个问题涉及到哪些MM患者需要进行ASCT。对于高危MM患者而言,目前的治疗方法尚无法成功克服其不良预后,即使进行ASCT后仍难以改善其总体生存及预后。而对于标危及中危的MM患者而言,其进行ASCT后可能改善其肾功能、延长其PFS,改善患者预后,提高生活质量。因此,MM患者进行ASCT的获益人群为标危及中危人群。至于,标中危MM患者是应当选择进行一线ASCT还是自体干细胞冻存下的推迟移植,理论上讲两者均可。

虽然两种方法带来的总体生存(OS)可能并无差异,但我个人更倾向于早期移植。因为早期移植时,患者的耐受性更好、生活质量的改善更明显;而延迟移植患者总体生活质量不如早期移植,何况还有部分患者复发后因为各种原因不能接受移植而错失了移植的机会因此ASCT宜早不宜迟。

《肿瘤瞭望》:具有髓外侵犯的MM患者应当如何进行移植?进行异基因造血干细胞移植(Allo-HSCT)是否有利于产生更强的移植物抗肿瘤效应,达到治愈?

陈文明教授:髓外浸润的MM可分为骨相关与非骨相关两种。通常而言,伴有骨相关浆细胞瘤的MM患者,其预后较好,不进行特殊治疗仍可获得较好预后。而非骨相关浆细胞瘤的MM患者,其恶性程度高,预后较差,因此需要进行高强度的治疗。此类MM患者进行ASCT可改善其预后,但不能将其克服。那么,异基因造血干细胞移植(Allo-HSCT)能否改善其预后并延长生存呢?这在目前尚无明确结论,总体上,对于MM患者而言,Allo-HSCT并非主要推荐的治疗方法,因为Allo-HSCT可能带来更多的不良作用,比如移植相关的死亡率较高,移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)较常见等。

综上而言,对于伴有高危细胞遗传学异常或者髓外侵润的MM患者而言,Allo-HSCT是否优于ASCT仍不明确。应该说MM仍是一种不可治愈性的疾病,就目前的治疗现状而言,即使进行Allo-HSCT也无法使其达到完全治愈的目的。

《肿瘤瞭望》:进行ASCT的MM患者是否需要进行维持治疗?其维持治疗方案及疗程与不进行ASCT的MM患者有何区别?

陈文明教授:MM的治疗包括:诱导治疗、移植治疗、巩固及维持治疗。其中巩固治疗的意义在既往不十分明确,但最近研究显示,巩固治疗也是带来获益的。此外,维持治疗是必须的,即使对于进行了ASCT的MM患者而言,维持治疗的价值不容质疑。对于标危的MM患者,进行维持治疗能延长患者的缓解时间,减少复发。而对于高危的MM患者而言,采用免疫调节剂+蛋白酶体抑制剂进行维持治疗也可能改善其缓解持续时间。

至于进行ASCT或不进行ASCT的维持治疗方案及时间应该说没有明确的区别,其维持治疗的时间并随机对照的研究结果可以借鉴。个人推荐维持治疗时间应当在2年以上。

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    2017-11-10 俅侠

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