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刘代红博士:造血干细胞移植后肺部并发症的临床特点及治疗现状

2017-10-09 刘代红 临床知识

肺部并发症在移植后发生率约为25%~55%,占死亡原因中的半数左右。30年前,移植后肺部并发症病因以感染性疾病为主,随着众多种类广谱抗生素的更新及广泛应用,患者各类临床标本中已经较少能够检测得到常见的细菌或真菌病原,因此,报道中多有提及移植后肺部并发症的病因中非感染因素已占据主要地位。但是,以非感染性病因为主的肺部并发症中并不应完全排除可能的各类感染原的直接或间接作用。需要注意的是,迄今临床检

肺部并发症在移植后发生率约为25%~55%,占死亡原因中的半数左右。30年前,移植后肺部并发症病因以感染性疾病为主,随着众多种类广谱抗生素的更新及广泛应用,患者各类临床标本中已经较少能够检测得到常见的细菌或真菌病原,因此,报道中多有提及移植后肺部并发症的病因中非感染因素已占据主要地位。

但是,以非感染性病因为主的肺部并发症中并不应完全排除可能的各类感染原的直接或间接作用。需要注意的是,迄今临床检验医学中,尤其在国内大多数血液病中心中,对于病毒性疾病的病毒分离、病毒抗原及其抗原成分的检测尚缺乏敏感、特异的方法,难以覆盖临床免疫功能低下患者中可能的病毒感染种类,仅有限的病毒可以进行其活动性感染的早期检测。因此,在考虑非感染性肺部并发症时应将病毒性疾病作为鉴别诊断或诱发因素。

移植后肺部并发症的诊断中,首要鉴别的是感染与非感染性疾病的鉴别病因,以支气管镜进行支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage,BAL)检查或经支气管肺活检是鉴别诊断的重要手段。对BAL必作的检查项目应包括细菌、真菌检测、细胞学染色、定量培养,以直接荧光抗体染色及PCR方法检测病毒抗原,卡式肺孢子虫肺炎则需要通过细胞学、特殊染色、PCR方法进行鉴定。鉴别诊断中常规应进行筛查的病原包括:细菌、真菌、病毒(巨细胞病毒CMV、腺病毒、人类疱疹病毒-6型、水痘-带状疱疹病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒-1型、2型、流感病毒A或B型、轮状病毒、偏肺病毒)、原虫(卡式肺孢子虫、鼠弓形虫、支原体、衣原体)、分枝杆菌等。

根据移植后发生的时间及进展速度,造血干细胞移植后肺部并发症分为移植后早期肺部并发症与晚期肺部并发症,其早晚期的界定时间大致在移植后3~4个月前后。移植后感染性肺部并发症的描述详见细菌感染、真菌感染及病毒性疾病等各章节,本章将重点阐述异基因移植后非感染性肺部并发症的定义、危险因素、临床特点及治疗现状。

一、移植后早期非感染性肺部并发症

(一)诊断分类

20多年前,一些移植医生将移植后除外了下呼吸道感染及心衰因素而发生的广泛肺泡损伤称为特发性肺炎综合征(IPS)。这一概念内涵笼统,基本的诊断标准如下:

(1)弥漫肺泡损伤的表现:肺炎的症状(咳嗽、呼吸困难、呼吸急促)、体征(啰音)、影像学上的多肺叶渗出表现以及肺生理学异常(新出现的或逐渐加重的限制性肺功能异常、肺泡动脉血氧分压差增加);

(2)除外下呼吸道活动性感染:BAL中主要细菌病原(应包含抗酸杆菌、奴卡菌、军团杆菌)、非细菌病原(常规病毒、卡式肺孢子虫、真菌及不典型病原检查)阴性;

(3)条件允许应行经支气管肺活检鉴别诊断;

(4)无心功能不全、肾功能不全或医源性水负荷过重等引起相似肺部症状的伴随疾病。

IPS病理表现中包括弥漫肺泡损伤伴透明膜形成,淋巴性支气管炎、闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎(BOOP)及间质性肺炎等病理类型。事实上,这一概念所描述的临床表现涉及移植后早期多类肺部并发症的临床特点,描述肺部并发症的名词并不能充分体现疾病特征或发病机制。由于病情进展迅速、缺乏全面的病原学及病理学证据,文献中对于累及肺间质的移植后肺部并发症的称谓素来将临床表现与病理表现混合使用。

尽管此类并发症可以由多种病因共同导致,具有相近的临床表现,不同的病理学表现在临床表现上却可以类似,临床研究者始终致力于揭示特定的肺部病理学表现与症状体征的关联。因此,根据肺损伤的解剖部位形成的定义更易于接受。随着免疫组化、放射医学、微生物学的诊断手段的发展,曾在相当长的历史阶段里文献报道中使用的IPS实际上涵盖了急性间质性肺炎(AIP)、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、迟发肺毒性综合征(DPTS)、围植入期呼吸窘迫综合征(PERDS)、非心源性毛细血管渗漏综合征(CLS)、弥漫肺泡出血(DAH)、BOOP、闭塞性细支气管炎综合征(BOS)以及BCNU肺炎、放疗性肺炎、移植后淋巴增殖性疾病(PTLD)等并发症。

移植后非感染性肺部并发症的发生率与预处理强度、患者年龄、患者移植前是否有肺部共患病等因素相关。尽管非感染性肺部并发症亦可发生于自体移植之后,但异基因移植后发生率高、临床表现重、死亡率高、常规治疗效果差。截至20世纪末,报道中清髓预处理移植后120天之内的发生率3%~15%之间,其相关死亡率可达50%~80%,几乎全部患者需要机械通气支持。近十年来的报告中,IPS的发生率在5%~25%之间,HLA同胞全合供者之外的供者来源移植中发生率高。

(二)致病机制研究

IPS在异基因移植后常见并且临床进程凶险,一般治疗措施疗效差、死亡率高。前期临床研究显示,炎性因子与炎性细胞共同参与了肺损伤。炎性因子中TNF-α和脂多糖(LPS)最为关键,异基因移植后非感染性肺部并发症的肺组织中中性粒细胞及TNF-α含量急剧上升,TNF-α病理生理致病机制是胃肠道-肝脏-肺脏炎性轴的核心。临床上肝静脉阻塞综合征(VOD)的患者常常同时发生IPS,肝功能衰竭与IPS造成的呼吸衰竭共同构成移植后死因的情况并不少见。此类情况均为胃肠道-肝脏-肺脏炎性轴的炎症损伤机制假说提供支持。LPS则是这一炎性损伤过程中的重要效应分子。IPS小鼠模型中BAL内LPS水平显着高于正常,对异基因移植小鼠在移植后6周静脉注射LPS可以极大加重肺损伤。实验数据证实,LPS参与内源性免疫反应的启动,强有力地增强炎性细胞因子的释放。

近年还有研究数据表明LPS也是产生急性GVHD过程中的重要效应分子。除了细胞因子,炎性细胞也参与炎性损伤过程,炎性细胞中既有淋巴细胞也有髓系来源的细胞参与直接攻击肺组织。供者来源的非淋巴细胞样辅助细胞与LPS导致的炎性细胞活化密切关联,最终形成胃肠道-肝脏-肺脏炎性轴的TNF-α分泌,而这一过程未必与GVHD伴随发生,因此,即使临床上GVHD表现轻微或无GVHD表现,供者来源的T作用细胞亦可归巢到肺部导致组织损伤。总之,临床上IPS的诊治困局的背后,探索内源性与外源性共同作用形成的免疫介导的肺损伤机制可能会为提高这一常见并且致命并发症的临床疗效带来契机。

(三)部分移植后非感染性肺部并发症的临床特点

1.弥漫肺泡出血又称急性肺出血或出血性肺泡炎。移植后发生率为2%~14%,是最危重的肺部并发症之一,死亡率60%~83%。移植后100天之内的死亡率高达80%以上,病程进展迅速,从诊断IPS到死亡的平均时间两周左右。具体病因不明,高龄、移植前1秒钟用力呼气量(FEV1)小于80%、清髓预处理、异基因移植、二次移植、环磷酰胺或甲氨蝶呤用于预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)、急性重度GVHD、血栓性微血管病等均为发生DAH的危险因素。

北京大学血液病研究所通过对2006—2011年间597例接受异基因移植的急性白血病患者中22例DAH的巢式对比分析发现,DAH发病中位年龄30.4岁,发病时间为移植后7.8个月(±8.1个月),移植前应用环磷酰胺累积剂量超过5g/m2是移植后发生DAH的独立危险因素。大剂量皮质醇激素并不能改善预后。DAH的临床特点为急进的呼吸困难、咳嗽、低氧血症、伴或不伴发热,少见咯血,以检测到持续血性BAL确诊。既可发生于移植后3个月之内,也可发生于移植晚期重症肺部并发症的终末阶段。病理学表现为弥漫的肺泡损伤及肺泡出血。

相当数量的文献报道将DAH视为非感染性肺部并发症,因其预后极差,并不像非移植的患者那样发病机制以放化疗肺损伤为主,推测其发病机制为感染性病原未能被及时清除而形成的重症肺损伤,并有免疫性损伤因素的参与。北京大学血液病研究所曾在将移植后重症肺炎进行细菌、真菌、CMV感染的病因分层之后发现,部分感染原持续阴性的患者对小剂量皮质醇激素有效,提示这部分患者很可能处于病毒感染的后期。在感染原未被有效清除之前即使应用经验性广谱抗生素,甚至联合大剂量皮质醇激素(2mg/kg~1g/m2)均很少奏效,这一点国内外临床数据已有广泛报道。

美国明尼苏达大学的研究者们2006年分析了1995—2004年间连续接受移植的1919例患者发生肺出血的情况,116例肺出血患者均具有相似的临床表现,但45例被诊为感染性,71例被诊为非感染性,两组出血后60天存活概率分别为16%(95%CI 6%~26%)和32%(95%CI 21%~43%)(P=0.08);接受大剂量皮质醇激素治疗的患者出血60天存活概率为26%(95%CI 18%~34%),未用激素者为25%(95%CI 6%~44%),两组之间的差异无统计学意义(P=0.28)。这一研究结果充分提示移植后肺出血患者中相当大一部分存在感染因素。

2.放化疗相关性肺损伤化疗药物引起的移植后肺部毒性最早在20世纪70年代有报道,相关药物包括亚硝基脲(BCNU)、白消安、美法仑等。移植预处理中含有BCNU的患者中10%~40%可于移植后2~4个月之内发生。BCNU相关性肺损伤起病急剧,临床上以干咳为主要表现,呼吸困难进展快速,影像学上表现为双侧间质性渗出,肺功能表现为限制性肺损伤用力肺活量(FVC)减少、肺总量(TLC)明显下降。发病的危险因素包括之前的肺部放疗、吸烟史以及BCNU剂量超过450mg/m2。药物性肺损伤起病初期即应用皮质醇激素进行冲击治疗可以显着降低死亡率,改善预后。

3.输血相关性肺损伤输血相关性肺损伤是输血后并发症致死的主要原因,发生率在1/1000~1/5000之间,起病急、以呼吸困难为主要表现,输血后6~8小时即可发生呼吸窘迫。X线胸片表现为弥漫渗出,提示肺血管渗透性增高导致的肺水肿。治疗以支持为主,应停止血制品的输注,应用皮质醇激素,强迫利尿,给与呼吸支持。大多数患者3~4天内恢复。70%的患者可以检测到抗HLA-Ⅰ或抗HLA-Ⅱ型抗体。

4.围植入期呼吸窘迫综合征临床特点是发生于中性粒细胞植入前后的5~7天之内,临床表现为发热、呼吸困难、低氧血症。肺部影像学呈间质性渗出性改变。尽管发生于自体移植围植入期的呼吸窘迫综合征临床表现及发生时间与异基因移植的情况极其相似,临床转归却完全不同。自体移植的情况下皮质醇激素反应好因而预后良好,而异基因移植后近年来由于医生对此类并发症的认识水平提高,处理及时而预后大大改善,十余年前的报道中此类患者大部分会进展至呼吸衰竭甚至死亡。

5.非心源性毛细血管渗漏综合征临床症状有呼吸困难、咳嗽、体重增加、水肿。常于移植后30天之内发生。影像学表现为双侧、肺门周围为主的浸润影、肺水肿、胸腔积液。详见毛细血管渗漏综合征一节。

(四)诊治原则

移植后早期的肺部并发症进展迅速,及早施治对于改善预后意义重大,其前提是尽可能快速地采取综合手段尽早诊断、鉴别诊断。除了需要完备实验室检查体系,血液科与呼吸科、心内科、肾内科、影像科、重症医学科等科室在内的多科室会诊有助于迅速判断各器官的受损情况及相互影响。在第一时间评估缺氧严重程度的检查必须包含动脉血气分析,存在缺氧情况时需要尽可能地给与患者足够的氧支持,同时维持水电平衡,保护肾功能,维持有效心脏搏出量。疾病初起时的肺CT或胸片、病原标本采集与检测对于确定诊断、评估病情极具意义。

在没有左心衰及容量负荷过多的情况下,只有患者一般状况允许,强烈建议对影像学表现有肺部多叶或弥漫性渗出病变者检查BAL,这一建议已被许多大的移植中心广泛接受。美国密歇根大学2001—2007年间移植后300例(占全部患者的20%)的444例次纤维支气管镜结果显示,移植后30天之内的BAL标本中13%感染原阳性,移植后31~100天之内阳性率为33%。移植后100天之内需要纤维支气管镜检查的患者中绝大多数都发生了肺部并发症,其中相当一部分有感染证据,而BAL的检查结果对于指导治疗用药的调整极具意义。

移植后早期肺部并发症的治疗中多在支持治疗之外广泛使用广谱抗生素,多数患者合用皮质醇激素,但疗效差,死亡率极高。目前尚无治疗策略的前瞻性研究,现有的回顾性资料表明高剂量激素[等量于2mg/(kg?d)以上的甲泼尼龙]与低剂量激素(低于上述剂量的甲泼尼龙)相比并无疗效上的优势。实验室研究有证据表明TNF-α移植后早期IPS的发病机制中扮演重要角色,由此推测,TNF-α的抑制剂Etanercept或许可以用于IPS的治疗。早期临床研究数据显示,Etanercept与激素及抗生素合用,0.4mg/kg,皮下注射,每周两剂,耐受性良好。18例患者中的13例在治疗后28天内完全脱离吸氧,起始治疗后第28天及第56天的生存率为73%和60%。

最近,美国宾夕法尼亚大学医学中心回顾比较分析了1993—2003年间22例以高剂量激素治疗IPS与2004—2007年间以高剂量激素联合Etanercept治疗17例患者的临床疗效。结果显示,联合治疗组疗效显着好于单用激素组,两组脱离呼吸支持而出院的患者分别为53%和18%(P=0.039)。联合治疗组总生存概率也显着好于单用激素组,两组IPS发病后28天与2年的总生存概率分别为88.2% vs.36.4%及18% vs.9.1%。尽管Etanercept与高剂量激素联合应用具有一定的疗效,但IPS的总体疗效不理想,早期诊断、积极的病原检查、病因分层、针对性地早期用药仍是当前改善IPS预后的关键。

二、移植后晚期非感染性呼吸道并发症

(一)诊断分类

多无明确感染原证据,病变累及气道与肺实质,肺功能检查可呈现阻塞性和(或)限制性改变。在各类异基因移植后总发生率在20%~50%左右,临床起病在移植后3个月到2年之间不等,但肺功能异常改变可迁延数年之久。最常见的是闭塞性细支气管炎(bronchiolitis obliterans,BO)、隐源性机化性肺炎(cryptogenic organizing pneumonia,COP)与迟发型的特发性肺炎综合征(idiopathic pneumonia syndrome,IPS)。

BO是一种非特异性炎性因素损伤小气道而造成的以阻塞性病变为主的肺部并发症,疾病后期由于细支气管周围纤维化的进展,亦可发生限制性肺功能改变。BO被认为是慢性GVHD的主要表现。COP是一种累及细支气管、肺泡管和肺泡的临床-病理综合征,表现为肺功能的限制性改变。多在移植后一年之内发生,报道的发生率低于2%,与GVHD密切相关。

此类并发症的临床表现的差异并不显着,但对于治疗的反应却不尽相同。建议进行系统的病原筛查、影像学及肺功能评估,争取早期诊断。移植后应规律地进行肺功能检查,一旦发现恶化,应即刻评估病情、持续随访干预,以获得尽可能好的临床转归。

(二)组织损伤进程及致病机制研究

移植后慢性、非感染性肺部并发症在机制推测上可以大致分为三个阶段。

第一阶段以多种炎性细胞浸润为特征,肺组织病例呈现急性间质性炎症和支气管周围无菌性炎症,表现与移植后早期的急性肺部并发症相似。第二阶段肺上皮细胞和血管内皮细胞表达MHC抗原,导致炎症信号持续存在与炎症修复过程的调节异常,使得急性炎症反应向慢性炎症的损伤及其修复转化,此阶段肺部成纤维细胞作用已被启动。究竟是何种因素决定肺损伤定位于肺间质还是支气管周围、免疫损伤的结果将最终形成阻塞性、限制性通气功能障碍或是两者并存,至今仍不明了。第三阶段肺部纤维化形成。患者未必早期一定有重症急性的炎症表现,持续的上皮损伤、肺泡上皮细胞与成纤维细胞之间的调节通路异常足以启动强烈的炎症修复反应,形成过度增殖、基质沉积与纤维化肺病。

TNF-α在上述三个阶段中起关键作用。非移植的动物模型中证实它可以直接导致肺纤维化。HSCT模型中显示它是移植后急性肺损伤中的重要介质。TNF-α受体缺陷的小鼠模型中或抗体中和TNF-α受体之后均可以去除TNF-α信号通路,此时可以观察到肺纤维化的形成显着下降。NF-α与BO间接相关。肺移植后排斥的小鼠模型中,TNF-α可以增加以下蛋白的表达水平,例如CCR2上调,单核巨噬细胞聚集。临床研究提示MCP-1强表达与急性肺排斥向慢性肺排斥转化及肺纤维化形成相关。

迄今关于移植后慢性非感染性肺病发病机制的研究较少,现有资料多数来自异体肺移植的受者及小鼠异位气管移植的动物模型研究数据。BO致病机制研究显示,小鼠异位气管移植后发生排斥时气道闭塞及纤维化后仍然呈现出较强的Th1免疫反应,由此引起的RANTES及MCP-1成分上调是实验室模型中形成细支气管闭塞性炎症的关键因素。COP的机制研究更少,目前的资料显示IFN-γ对于调节胶原合成起着重要作用,甚至可能有抗纤维化的作用。以IFN-γ缺乏的供者及IFN-γ受体缺乏受者的移植中,由于IFN-γ信号通路彻底封闭,移植后可以导致早期肺部的严重非感染性炎症及早期死亡。

(三)临床特点

1. BO临床表现为隐匿性地起病,逐渐出现干咳、渐重的的呼吸困难、喘息。较少发热,也可以无症状时肺功能检查即出现中~重度气道阻塞。多发生于移植后3~24个月之间。胸部影像学表现可过度通气甚至正常,支气管扩张、小叶中心结节、网格状改变、磨玻璃样改变。相当数量的患者在发病时并无X线胸片异常表现。临床上重度BO可出现坏死性细支气管炎,FEV1快速下降,死亡率达25%~50%。

肺功能检测显示呼气相气道阻力增加,提示小气道和细支气管病变。病理学表现为淋巴细胞性支气管炎、急或慢性间质性肺炎、闭塞性细支气管炎。但临床上的活检结果常常与典型的病理改变有出入,这可能是因为经支气管活检取材时未能取到足够的远端支气管结构,病理学检查仅显示大气道与肺间质组织的炎性细胞渗出,因此并未真实地反映出细支气管炎症;另外还可能由于患者接受机械通气,活检组织的病理结构已经发生改变。当患者无活检的病理证据时,通常以肺功能检查参数对其性质及严重程度进行描述:①气道阻塞:每年FEV1下降5%,最低FEV1∶用力肺活量(FVC)可低至0.8以下;②闭塞性细支气管炎(BOS)。

由于BOS的诊断参数不统一,命名欠规范,其发生率在各报道中差异较大。以上述“气道阻塞”为标准,清髓预处理后发生率高达26%,慢性GVHD患者中为32%。Afessa报道来自9个研究2000例异基因移植病人中发生率为8.3%,慢性GVHD的存活者中发生率为6%~20%。部分移植专家称其为慢性GVHD的肺部表现,但值得注意的是,异基因移植后100天之内就有15%~25%的患者会由于不同原因出现FEV1∶FVC<70%的情况并持续数年,其原因被证实为伴或不伴气道阻塞的小气道广泛狭窄。

发病危险因素包括:移植前FEV1∶FVC比例低于正常、移植前感染性共患病病史、急或慢性GVHD、高龄、HLA配型不合的供者、清髓预处理方案等。Chien等报告在50岁以上的患者中,减低预处理剂量的移植患者中,移植后每年FEV1下降超过20%的比例明显低于清髓预处理移植的患者。移植前的CMV血清学状态对移植后BO的发生并无影响,但移植前感染过呼吸道合胞病毒和腺病毒的儿童患者移植后发病危险增高。慢性GVHD与BO的发生明确相关,尤其是那些血清IgG水平低下、伴有慢性肝脏GVHD的患者。

目前还没有可以用来预测预后的指标。建议所有患者移植前后戒烟。BO一旦发生即几乎不可逆,对支气管扩张剂反应有限,对免疫抑制剂疗效差,治疗的意义在于保护残余肺功能,而非改善现有肺功能。即便如此,应尽早应用皮质醇激素以及相应的慢性GVHD的治疗,当数月治疗后未见明显疗效、肺功能持续不改善时,临床医师需要质疑是否应持续或加强应用免疫抑制剂。应积极防治呼吸道及肺部感染,持续用药预防卡式肺孢子虫及水痘-带状疱疹病毒感染,积极防治细菌、真菌感染。

2. COP原称为闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎(bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia,BOOP)。病理学改变具有特征性,肉芽结节样组织“填塞”肺泡腔,并可扩散到细支气管腔内。是侵犯肺实质的限制性通气功能障碍的疾病。临床表现多急性起病,以干咳、呼吸困难、发热为主,影像学为外肺野为主的斑片状实变、磨玻璃样改变、结节样模糊影等。肺功能异常以FVC及总肺容量(TLC)、CO2弥散能力下降为特征,1秒末FEV1∶FVC接近100%。临床观察显示,患者移植后100天、1年时如有TLC或FVC进行性下降,即使在正常范围内,非复发死亡率也会增加。发病的危险因素包括接受含全身放疗(TBI)预处理与发生急性GVHD,与慢性GVHD关联并不明确。建议有条件患者行BAL检查以除外感染。糖皮质激素治疗有效,但是目前尚无理想的治疗剂量及疗程。一般为初始剂量泼尼松0.5~1mg/kg,应用1~3个月,一般用药后一周症状及影像学有所改善。

(四)治疗原则

BO与慢性GVHD的相关性使得其人们认识到其实质是免疫介导的肺损伤,因此,免疫抑制剂是治疗中的必需组成,还包括足够的供氧、必要的广谱抗生素预防等。

在肺移植预防排斥的研究中,全身免疫抑制剂基础上吸入皮质醇激素与吸入安慰剂对比,吸入激素使病人获益。另一项肺移植患者研究中发现,吸入环孢素虽不能降低急性肺排斥的发生率,却对提高生存率有帮助。尽管如此,移植后的慢性肺功能损伤患者中,皮质醇激素、环孢素、他克莫司、硫唑嘌呤等免疫抑制剂仅在并发症发生早期可以产生有限的疗效,肺功能损伤严重时无论何种联合治疗方式均疗效极差、死亡率高。

今年有系列研究探讨了阿奇霉素在异基因移植后及肺移植患者中治疗BO的抗炎作用,每项研究均显示用药12周以上后患者肺功能有所改善。TNF-α在移植后慢性、非感染性呼吸道并发症的致病作用提示Etanercept、TNF-α的拮抗剂可能有效,已有资料显示其在部分移植后慢性肺损伤患者中具有潜在疗效。密歇根大学就此进行的Ⅰ~Ⅱ期临床试验结果显示该药可以安全地用于上述人群,15例患者中的6例在第一疗程用药2个月后FEV1,FVC或肺一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)指标改善幅度在10%以上。北京大学血液病研究所今年报告了2009—2013年该单位连续接受移植的1538例患者中发生于移植后5~6个月左右的晚发重症肺炎20例,其中12例未查到病原学证据,1例为甲型流感病毒H1N1。18例患者经验性或针对性的抗感染措施无效,死亡11例。存活9例,其中4例在抗感染后期加用小剂量激素有效,6例接受供者淋巴细胞输注3例有效并存活。该研究提出了移植后晚发重症肺炎的概念并推测其病因可能合并病毒性感染,并提示在综合治疗无效的情况下,供者淋巴细胞输注可能成为一种潜在的降低死亡率的治疗方法。

三、小结

弥漫性肺损伤是严重影响患者生存率及生存质量的移植后并发症,可在移植后各阶段发生。虽然自体移植后可以出现,但往往在异基因移植后表现危重、预后差。历史上,这一并发症的病因多被归结于隐性感染,近年来越来越多的实验室数据表明,其致病机制中主要是免疫性损伤。可是,不容忽视的是由于目前临床上缺乏常规的早期检测免疫功能低下患者多类活动性病毒感染的方法,免疫性损伤机制的背后病毒感染的可能不仅不能除外,甚至在治疗时机上还要顾及这一极其可能的病因。

肺脏是否是急性GVHD的靶器官虽然尚存热议,但是移有充分证据表明移植后早期肺脏是免疫性损伤的靶器官。众所周知,肺部存在大量表达组织相容性抗原的细胞及抗原呈递细胞,也是免疫网络发生细胞因子合成与淋巴细胞激活等复杂效应的场所。实验室模型中及临床上均已证实炎性介质如TNF-α、LPS及供者来源的效应细胞均与急性肺损伤相关。TNF-α在急、慢性肺损伤中,无论是形成阻塞性还是限制性肺病的重要作用已经被认识。我们寄希望于移植后肺损伤动物模型的研究可以为临床预防、有效治疗这一重要并发症带来曙光。

作者:刘代红,北京大学血液病研究所骨髓移植部副主任医师,研究生导师,医学博士。1990年毕业于大连医学院(现大连医科大学)医疗系,1999年考取中德医学交流项目赴德国海德堡大学攻读博士,从事人类造血干细胞特性的相关研究,2001年获德国海德堡大学医学博士学位。相关工作在多个中英文专业杂志发表。主要擅长血液系统疾病的诊治尤其是造血干细胞移植技术。兼任中华医学会血液分会红细胞疾病学组委员,中国医师协会血液分会委员。

来源:人民卫生出版社《临床知识》约稿



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#插入话题
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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2019453, encodeId=9e01201945377, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e19b646e254' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗现状#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64672, encryptionId=e19b646e254, topicName=治疗现状)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/4v5DMqK7WnzoBdibNsryQ8OEM5gFSdRH9j3HNCKPfKXlObInweOSHdQPATeTicYp7nvg3bsgicjLgRkdlhrpry21w/132, createdBy=6bf82500013, createdName=ms5822920152752585, createdTime=Wed Jan 24 09:52:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1757862, encodeId=31031e5786201, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49031, encryptionId=84ba49031f9, topicName=并发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27e37327108, createdName=丁鹏鹏, createdTime=Tue Mar 06 14:52:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1658822, encodeId=cdc2165882228, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c40ce798412' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞移植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77984, encryptionId=c40ce798412, topicName=细胞移植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ad4724938298, createdName=limedical1982, createdTime=Wed Feb 28 21:52:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1933883, encodeId=7d5d1933883c6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c1c2288877' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床特点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22888, encryptionId=7c1c2288877, topicName=临床特点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3679417, createdName=feather78, createdTime=Sat Sep 22 16:52:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271414, encodeId=198012e1414a5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a0ff950018f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#造血干细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95001, encryptionId=a0ff950018f, topicName=造血干细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e729101, createdName=huanbaofeng, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 07:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1494564, encodeId=e4ac149456455, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=084d9499599' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#造血#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94995, encryptionId=084d9499599, topicName=造血)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=caed9138962, createdName=俅侠, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 07:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1545228, encodeId=3a8c15452289f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=93c682342bb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺部并发症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82342, encryptionId=93c682342bb, topicName=肺部并发症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7a8513702341, createdName=644982816_68283325, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 07:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251555, encodeId=f7e825155509, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=b0041939716, createdName=hhh678, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 18:28:19 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-06 丁鹏鹏
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    2017-10-11 俅侠
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    2017-10-09 hhh678

    henhao

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