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CDS 2016:郭立新教授谈胰岛素给药方法进展

2016-11-22 MedSci MedSci原创

 北京医院 张立新教授  一、胰岛素在糖尿病治疗中的地位对于1型糖尿病患者来说,胰岛素治疗是其维持生命的必需手段;对于部分2型糖尿病患者来说,胰岛素可以用来控制血糖以减少急、慢性并发症;胰岛素还用于妊娠期糖尿病和继发性糖尿病的治疗。因此,胰岛素目前仍被当作糖尿病患者达到良好血糖控制的重要手段,乃至最后手段。 中国2型糖尿病防治指南胰岛素治疗路径 二

2016年11月16日~19日,由中华医学会、中华医学会糖尿病学分会(CDS)主办,厦门市医学会承办的中华医学会糖尿病学分会第二十次全国学术会议(CDS 2016)在福建厦门召开。北京医院郭立新教授作了题为“胰岛素给药方法进展”的精彩演讲,梅斯医学编辑对郭立新教授的精彩报告进行整理与大家分享。


 
北京医院 郭立新教授 
 
一、胰岛素在糖尿病治疗中的地位

对于1型糖尿病患者来说,胰岛素治疗是其维持生命的必需手段;对于部分2型糖尿病患者来说,胰岛素可以用来控制血糖以减少急、慢性并发症;胰岛素还用于妊娠期糖尿病和继发性糖尿病的治疗。因此,胰岛素目前仍被当作糖尿病患者达到良好血糖控制的重要手段,乃至最后手段。
 
中国2型糖尿病防治指南胰岛素治疗路径(如下图所示)
 
点击图片查看清晰大图

二、胰岛素给药方式的演变
 
胰岛素给药方式的探索:

1.口腔黏膜给药:面积大、血管丰富,蛋白水解酶活性低,有利于蛋白质的吸收,但吸收不稳定,研究进展缓慢
2.口服胰岛素
3.吸入给药
4.胰岛素气雾剂已在厄瓜多尔、印度上市,但因多种原因至今没在欧美上市,尚未见到较为有效的口服胰岛素制剂用于临床。
5.鼻腔粘膜给药:大量绒毛有效吸附面积大,粘膜中的毛细血管和淋巴管十分丰富有利于吸收,可免肝脏首过效应。但鼻腔粘膜局部蛋白水解酶活性强,鼻腔敏感性高,生物利用度低,局部副作用常见。
6.直肠给药:使用一些化学促渗剂如胆盐、环状糊精、表面活性剂及螯合剂结合可促进直肠对胰岛素的吸收。但化学促渗剂的使用改变了直肠粘膜的通透性,导致了严重的局部反应,胰岛素直肠给药其生物效应低,吸收不稳定。
 
三、不同给药技术原理及其优势

 
1.口服胰岛素障碍:大分子,负荷和溶解性;酶的降解;化学pH值;血浆半衰期短;离子的渗透性;免疫原性;聚集性。
 
2.吸入型胰岛素可降低HbA1c:

在巴西、俄罗斯、乌克兰和美国开展的一项双盲、安慰剂对照的国际性3期研究,共纳入353例2型糖尿病患者,随机分为两组,分别在餐时吸入胰岛素(N=177)或安慰剂(N=176)作为口服降糖药物方案的辅助治疗,持续24周。研究发现,吸入型胰岛素可降低HbA1c。
 
胰岛素吸入给药方式的探索:

肺泡灌注面积广泛、灌注量大而且均匀有利于胰岛素的吸收,但吸入的胰岛素生物利用度低;受伴随病变及外部因素的影响,如吸烟者胰岛素的吸收增加,哮喘患者胰岛素的吸收减少;
雾化吸入胰岛素微粒的大小影响胰岛素到达部位的深度及胰岛素在口腔及上呼吸道的存留。微粒大小在粘膜的存留多,被粘膜细胞吞噬的长期安全性尚未明确。
 
3.胰岛素微针给药技术:

使用直径<300μm,长度50-900μm的微针技术注射胰岛素,此方法易于使用,无痛,可能将微针与感应器及给药装置相结合用于人工胰腺。

微针给药系统的微针理论上只需要15-200μm就可以穿透人多角质层,但由于皮肤有良好的弹性和可收缩性,而且不同年龄的人和不同皮肤部位皮肤差异较大,微针需要保证穿透不同类型的皮肤,若实现有效的经皮给药,需要确保材料安全性和给药精确度,处于初级研发阶段,还有赖于新材料的开发和导入技术的发展。

使用方法:将一定量的正规胰岛素涂在带有微针的涂层上,使用时将胰岛素贴剂贴在皮肤表面适度用力按压涂层,使微针刺入皮肤的真皮层释放胰岛素入血而发挥作用,该透皮贴的优势在于携带、保存和给药均方便。

胰岛素可通过下列方式透皮给药:
  • 电离子透入,该技术使用小电流;
  • 超声促渗或光分离置换法,使用超声波;
  • 通过去角质层的微皮肤消融;
  • 短时间高电压脉冲的电穿孔;
  • 胰岛素透皮吸收制剂:将胰岛素包裹在Transferosome中(Transferosome是一种柔软有弹性的囊泡,可以自行将药物挤入毛孔);
  • InsupatchTM,胰岛素泵附加设备,通过对皮肤局部加热促进胰岛素吸收;
  • 重组人透明质酸酶(rHuPH20)增加胰岛素皮下吸收。 
胰岛素非注射给药有目前难以克服的问题,如吸收缓慢、药物峰值浓度低、生物利用度低等,无法适应糖尿病临床治疗的需要。因此,目前胰岛素的使用基本上用注射的方法。为了提高胰岛素的疗效,人们不断地改进胰岛素剂型,不断更新胰岛素注射装置如改良注射针头、笔式注射器、无针头注射器等。
 
皮下注射给药包括多次皮下胰岛素注射(一次性注射器或针头)和持续皮下胰岛素注射(皮下软管或针头)。目前,无针弥散注射技术兴起。无针注射(Needle-free Injection)又称射流注射。指的是利用压力源(如气体、电磁或弹簧)产生的瞬间高压,推动药剂(液体或冻干粉)经过一个很细的喷嘴,形成高压射流,高速穿过皮肤直接进入到治疗部位的过程。
 
这种射流的速度极快(典型值为150-200m/s),且进入肌体的深度有限,对神经末梢的刺激很小,因此一般不像有针注射器那样有明显的刺痛感。其优点包括:

吸收迅速完全,局部不良反应小,消除恐针,避免针头重复使用。
指南对无针注射的评价:
将无针注射器列为与胰岛素注射器、胰岛素笔、胰岛素泵并列的四大注射器具之一。
优点:注入的药液具有分布广,扩散快,吸收亦快且均匀的特点,最大的优势在于不需要针头,可以消除针头注射引起的疼痛和恐惧感。
缺点:价格较高,拆洗安装过程较为复杂,且瘦弱的患者往往可造成皮肤青肿。
 
综上所述,对于无针注射胰岛素而言,其在组织内的分布更为弥散,有利于药物的吸收,长期使用皮肤不会起硬结,还彻底消除了对针头的恐惧,降低了注射的痛感,另外也避免了针刺伤、划伤、断针造成的危害,也降低了细菌感染和交叉感染的几率。
 
无针与有针注射胰岛素血浆浓度比较:
通过对每个患者用有针注射器和无针注射器注射后监测三次平均游离胰岛素血浆浓度。胰岛素浓度基础线基本相同,注射胰岛素后的10-60分钟之间,用无针注射器注射比有针注射器的血浆浓度值更大,而且无针注射器注射后的浓度峰值明显提前。 
 
最后,郭立新教授总结道,胰岛素对糖尿病及并发症的控制作用仍不可替代,透皮注射依然是目前胰岛素治疗的最有效途径,无针注射胰岛素相对于传统有针注射具有优势,伴随着科技进步、改进剂型、改善注射方式都有利于患者依从性的提高。

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    学习了.谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2017-01-27 baoya
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    2016-12-03 Tulipzyz

    受教了

    0

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    2016-11-30 舒心和人

    不断学习新知识才能更好地进步,感谢分享

    0

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    2016-11-24 yangpeizhi
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    2016-11-23 Anima

    胰岛素给药方法进展

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    2016-11-22 1e160a78m83(暂无匿称)

    新兴技术有待开发

    0

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