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术前谈话怎么谈?这些技巧你应该掌握 !

2015-11-25 孙继林 罗智 医学之声

术前谈话是医患沟通的重要组成部分,是手术患者诊疗过程中的必须有的程序。术前谈话就是医务人员在执行手术操作前同患者及家属谈清患者的病情、将要实施的医疗措施、医疗风险等如实告知患者,并及时解答其咨询,以便得到患者和家属的理解和同意。接受手术治疗的病人,难免会产生恐惧、紧张、焦虑等情绪,或者对手术及预后有顾虑。术前谈话也是解决病人心理负担,做好心理准备的必要措施。因此医务人员应从关怀、鼓励出发,就病

术前谈话是医患沟通的重要组成部分,是手术患者诊疗过程中的必须有的程序。术前谈话就是医务人员在执行手术操作前同患者及家属谈清患者的病情、将要实施的医疗措施、医疗风险等如实告知患者,并及时解答其咨询,以便得到患者和家属的理解和同意。接受手术治疗的病人,难免会产生恐惧、紧张、焦虑等情绪,或者对手术及预后有顾虑。术前谈话也是解决病人心理负担,做好心理准备的必要措施。因此医务人员应从关怀、鼓励出发,就病情、施行手术的必要性,可能取得的效果,手术的危险性,可能发生的并发症,术后恢复过程和预后,以及清醒状态下施行手术因体位造成的不适等以恰当的言语和安慰的口气,对病人作适度的解释,取得病人的信任和配合,使病人以积极的心态接受手术和术后治疗。
 
术前谈话类似一次演讲,是一门艺术。说起来简单,但做起来难,有的人谈话后病人对医生非常信任,容易接受医生的医疗措施,即使出现一些并发症或意外情况,病人及家属也理解,也不会出现医疗纠纷。然而有的人谈话后或仅因一句话就会让患者对你不信任或被你吓坏,甚至放弃手术也不时发生。医务人员首先必须有较高的专业知识,对疾病有充分的了解,对疾病的发生、发展、转归、可采取的各种诊疗方法及治疗期间变化有足够的认识。术前谈话需要技巧,谈话时应注意通俗易懂、以情感人,避免谈话生硬。医患之间应互相沟通、相互理解,不应以领导命令式的口吻,而应以朋友亲人、朋友的口吻交流,自然患者容易接受你的治疗方案并对你特别信任。
术前谈话应按一定的顺序进行,避免造成遗漏。
 
1.取得患者和家属的信任和理解
 
首先,应向患者和家属说明术前谈话和手术签字的目的,争取患者和家属的理解。一般情况下,患者及其家属都知道有手术前必须签字的手续,但他们担心和关心的问题是如果出现了手术并发症或意外情况,签了字就由自己完全承担责任或自认倒霉,与医生无关,因为自己已经签字画押了,因此医生在谈话前要特别强调谈话、签字并不是说医生为了逃脱责任,而是尊重患者的知情同意权,患者有对手术方式的选择权利。对手术可能出现的一些并发症和意外情况有一种心理准备或可否接受,希望得到患者的理解并同意手术。其次,应向患者强调手术由谁主刀,主刀医生的水平如何高超,医德如何高尚,坚定患者手术的信心。

2.谈疾病诊断的技巧
 
谈论病情,应因人因病而异,不可一律同人,对于一般患者,宜用通俗易懂的话语,忌用专业术语。如你的病是脾亢,需要切除脾脏,除非是专业人员,一般患者是听不懂的。如果说根据患者脾脏肿大、白细胞减少,血小板减少,身体抵抗力低下,身体容易出现青紫是由于脾脏功能过强引起的,医学上称为脾亢,我们的治疗就是切除脾脏。切除后症状就会改善,患者就会对自己的病有一个大概的了解。
诊断不明确者不能说“诊断不清楚”,有的医生为了给自己留条后路即使诊断清楚也说诊断不敢肯定,这势必导致患者对你不信任,医生连诊断都搞不清楚,怎么能给我做好手术或认为我的病是恶性的,医生故意不给我讲,这也将导致患者的心理压力加重。如果我们按一定的诊断先后顺序说,首先诊断考虑什么,其概率是多少;其次诊断考虑什么,概率是多少,再次等等,患者的感觉就是不一样,他们会认为你想的很充分,对他很关心,医生的水平很高,这自然使患者容易接受,对你倍加信任。
 
对于肿瘤患者在谈病情时,一定要言语恰当,在谈话之前一定应争取患者家属的同意,否则容易出现医疗纠纷。肿瘤患者大部分也能感觉到自己得的可能是不治之症,但心理上往往却否认自己患有肿瘤,医生在谈诊断的时候就不能较明确的说患的是肿瘤,而应说什么占位或肿物待排。说话顺序也应有讲究,不应先说这个肿物恶性的可能性大,而应先说这个肿物有良性的可能,可举例子说明有哪个患者术前诊断恶性,但术后诊断却是良性的,给患者留有一线希望,增强他们的信心。然后再说我们也不排除恶性的可能,良、恶性需到术后病理检查才能最后诊断。如果先说恶性,患者可能只想到的是恶性,自己的担心变成了现实,因而特别恐慌,对于后来说的良性,他们根本就听不进去。术前谈话需要艺术,诊断该说明确一定要说明确,不该说明确的就一定要含糊得让患者容易接受,先说什么,后说什么,都应有讲究。这就是谈话的水平,谈话的艺术。
 
3.谈手术目的和手术的方式的技巧
 
手术目的是明确的,就是解决什么问题,如何解决问题就是涉及手术方式的问题。很多医生都是用比较生硬或命令式的口吻说明要施行什么手术,患者没有任何选择的权利,尽管患者也表示同意手术并签字,但他们的心理一般不容易接受,尽管也体现了知情同意权,但却是被迫的,根本没有选择的权利。如何让患者接受医生的手术方案,并且真正体现知情同意和选择的权利,这就需要技巧,手术方式一般都有多种,应向患者分别介绍各种手术方式,对于欲进行的手术方式宜尽可能的详细,宜用通俗或打比方的方式讲解,使其浅显易懂。比如胃癌根治术,手术方式很多,应一一向患者介绍,说清楚你准备选择的术式的原因、理由。更有感情的方式是,对患者说假如你是我的亲戚、朋友,我也会选择这种手术。这样患者会感到你与他心连心的交流,把他当亲人,对他关怀倍致。医患感情达到共鸣,这时患者会对你一百个放心,对他施行什么手术他都乐意,对将要谈的手术并发症他也不会太关心。

4.谈术中、术后可能出现的情况的技巧

手术并发症及意外情况是患者最为关心的问题。很多医生的观点是尽可能的把手术可能出现的问题都罗列出来,并力图说得严重些,以此说明手术是有风险的,手术做不做由你,出了问题我也没有责任。这势必会增加患者的恐惧心理,甚至害怕手术而放弃手术。如何谈论手术并发症,这更需要技巧。首先,在谈论之前,你可举出一些众所周知的事例,手术并发症如同走路摔倒、吃饭噎住一样,并不可怕,但我们也不能忽视,作为医生是不希望出现的。如果说到了这些,患者对下一步要谈论的手术并发症就不会感到害怕,也会非常专心倾听你的论述,表示理解,容易接受。并尽可能地用数字或概率说明发生的可能性,这样会减少患者的顾虑。同时医生应明确讲明如果出现了意外情况和并发症,医生会尽力采取哪些切实有效的措施给予处理,从而使患者放心。
 
5.谈术后治疗和预后情况的技巧
 
术后治疗也是手术的成败非常关键,应提前告知患者和家属,争取他们的配合。让患者知道不只是手术做完了就一切都完了,以便患者有更充分的心理准备,积极配合治疗。预后情况也是患者非常关心的问题,因为手术的目的是为了解决问题,手术的结果就会影响到预后。医生首先应非常明确的将最好的结果告诉患者,并且用数字表示更能说明问题,更能让患者理解。同时患者对医生也增加信任度,认为医生对术后都有预见,说明手术很有把握,肯定能成功,医生有水平。

术前谈话看似是一个小问题,但他却蕴涵着深懊的哲理,对待不同的病人、不同的疾病需要不同的方式、方法。术前谈话不仅能够体现一个医生的医术、医德和责任心,和谐医患关系,而且对减少医疗纠纷具有非常重要的作用。胃溃疡穿孔,急性弥漫性腹膜炎病人,术后切口感染,如果因此患者或家属不能理解,出现纠纷,说明医生的术前谈话是不成功的,如果术前医生能充分认识,对发生几率较大的并发症应该反复说明,交代清楚,强调出现切口感染可能性相对比较大,且一旦出现切口感染我们可以妥善处理,应该不会出现纠纷的。所以术前谈话至关重要,望外科医生谨慎而从之。

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    2018-06-08 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2017-01-17 xyz11

    作者写的太好了!明天我要开始我人生中的第一次术前谈话了,有点小担心?

    0

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    2016-09-02 ylzr123

    好文,值得学习,赞!

    0

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    2016-05-23 419628205

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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    2016-01-11 medsic

    感谢分享~

    0

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    2016-01-11 medsic

    技巧,

    0

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    2016-01-11 medsic

    嗯,

    0

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    2015-11-25 vpssa

    术前谈话看似是一个小问题,却蕴涵着深懊的哲理,对待不同的病人、不同的疾病需要不同的方式、方法。术前谈话不仅能够体现一个医生的医术、医德和责任心,和谐医患关系,而且对减少医疗纠纷具有非常重要的作用。

    0

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    2015-11-25 鲜花飞鸟

    一定要保护好自己

    0

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术前谈话:医生必须掌握的5R原则

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