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案例分析:一例浑浊尿导致的尿干化学检测假阴性

2018-03-06 范新 检验医学网

某日在做门诊尿的时候看到了一名老年男性患者的报告(图一),明明是一管严重浑浊尿,检测到的混浊度却是清,而且其他近乎完美的阴性结果也与该患者历史检测记录不符,这让我对这个结果的正确性产生了怀疑。


作者:辽宁省丹东市第一医院检验科  范新

某日在做门诊尿的时候看到了一名老年男性患者的报告(图一),明明是一管严重浑浊尿,检测到的混浊度却是清,而且其他近乎完美的阴性结果也与该患者历史检测记录不符,这让我对这个结果的正确性产生了怀疑。

带着疑问,我又用试纸条沾取了标本,这次并没有马上放入机器检测,而是用肉眼去观察每一个检测模块的颜色变化,发现模块几乎都被浑浊物附着无法分辨颜色变化。经过镜下观察浑浊物为磷酸盐结晶,原来是大量的磷酸盐结晶附着在试纸条上,机器无法判读模块颜色变化,引起假阴性结果的出现。

图一

图二

为了去除干扰因素的影响,我们采用离心法(离心速度1500r/min或相对离心力400g离心5分钟)将尿结晶沉淀。再取出上清做干化学检测,剩余沉渣摇匀,滴于载玻片上加上盖玻片用于镜检。

通过对上清液检测得出的结果如(图二)所示。为该患者尿标本排除干扰后的结果。

同时取100份患者的尿标本做简单的比较实验,未离心与离心后两组干化学项目检测结果如(表1)所示。

表1   相同标本离心前后检测结果符合率及变异系数


通过这例由大量磷酸盐结晶导致的浑浊尿引起的假阴性报告,主要原因在于试纸条上的本底色块也被染上颜色,导致仪器错误的判断了本底颜色,从而导致错误的判断每个色块的反应颜色,进而导致错误的结果。

让我认识到尿结晶的种类和数量在尿液分析检测和疾病分析诊断中的作用不容忽视,很多资料报道磷酸盐结晶属于生理性结晶,正常人尿中可以出现,一般无临床意义。大量出现时会提示有某些方面疾病:

1、磷酸盐分为磷酸镁铵、磷酸钙、无定形磷酸盐三种。

2、当尿中出现磷酸镁铵的时候常提示感染引起的结石。

3、尿中磷酸钙的出现常因为两个原因:血钙尿钙的增加以及肾小管重吸收障碍。

3.1甲状旁腺功能亢进、长期卧床导致骨质脱钙导致血钙、尿钙增加,进而有大量的磷酸钙结晶排除。

3.2肾小管酸中毒引起的重吸收障碍分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型。Ⅰ型(远端)肾小管酸中毒(RTA)在儿童为家族性疾病,家族性病例可能是常染色体显性遗传病。Ⅱ型(近端)肾小管酸中毒伴发于数种严重的遗传性疾病,如Fanconi综合征、遗传性果糖耐受不良症、Wilson病和Lowe综合征,多发性骨髓瘤,维生素D缺乏症。这些疾病都是引起肾小管吸收障碍,导致尿钙增加,磷酸盐结晶大量排出。

4、无定型磷酸盐一般无临床意义,但是它常与磷酸钙结晶同时出现,所以有大量无定型磷酸盐出现时应注意是否伴有磷酸钙结晶。

【案例分析】

在日常的工作中,如果遇到浑浊尿、血尿、或者颜色奇葩的尿我们可以将尿做预处理后再进行测定,必要的时候可以用湿化学法加以纠正。尿中大量出现生理性结晶时,作为检验人应该多了解其临床意义,用临床的知识来验证我们结果的准确性,并用我们的结果更好的辅助临床诊断

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2038050, encodeId=b88420380509b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=096648e0396' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#干化学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48703, encryptionId=096648e0396, topicName=干化学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eqTLTjicBiccpdUyHMGZV43nOBI6QIQqxVcy2EzXz67E390Q5j0R7QWjym391HxsyiaYt7NzbrcojRDw/132, createdBy=64462500151, createdName=ms705947299214030, createdTime=Sun Feb 17 12:46:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056369, encodeId=5905205636922, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9205623394a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#案例分析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62339, encryptionId=9205623394a, topicName=案例分析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c30265, createdName=jiafufeng@yaho, createdTime=Thu Oct 04 18:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=293908, encodeId=cd492939085a, content=CG滚滚滚滚滚滚, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b0171930782, createdName=为你把脉, createdTime=Wed Mar 07 18:39:11 CST 2018, time=2018-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=293610, encodeId=562a2936100d, content=学习.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Tue Mar 06 18:28:27 CST 2018, time=2018-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2038050, encodeId=b88420380509b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=096648e0396' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#干化学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48703, encryptionId=096648e0396, topicName=干化学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eqTLTjicBiccpdUyHMGZV43nOBI6QIQqxVcy2EzXz67E390Q5j0R7QWjym391HxsyiaYt7NzbrcojRDw/132, createdBy=64462500151, createdName=ms705947299214030, createdTime=Sun Feb 17 12:46:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056369, encodeId=5905205636922, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9205623394a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#案例分析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62339, encryptionId=9205623394a, topicName=案例分析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c30265, createdName=jiafufeng@yaho, createdTime=Thu Oct 04 18:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=293908, encodeId=cd492939085a, content=CG滚滚滚滚滚滚, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b0171930782, createdName=为你把脉, createdTime=Wed Mar 07 18:39:11 CST 2018, time=2018-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=293610, encodeId=562a2936100d, content=学习.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Tue Mar 06 18:28:27 CST 2018, time=2018-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-07 为你把脉

    CG滚滚滚滚滚滚

    0

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    2018-03-06 惠映实验室

    学习.谢谢分享.

    0

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