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NEJM:八岁男孩乳房增大性肿块的罕见病例报道

2016-05-14 MedSci MedSci原创

最近新英格兰杂志报道一例来自麻省总医院的罕见病例,一名八岁男孩在常规体检时发现右乳增大性肿块,被建议到儿童内分泌科就诊,最终被诊断为乳腺分泌性癌。该型乳腺癌又称幼年性乳腺癌,有独特的形态学特征。儿童乳腺癌极其罕见,分泌性乳腺癌仅占所有乳腺癌的不到0.15%,可见于男女患者,是儿童乳腺癌的最常见类型。 病史简介 患儿于18月前发现右乳移动性肿块,近6个月来增大,右乳头下可触及


最近新英格兰杂志报道一例来自麻省总医院的罕见病例,一名八岁男孩在常规体检时发现右乳增大性肿块,被建议到儿童内分泌科就诊,最终被诊断为乳腺分泌性癌。该型乳腺癌又称幼年性乳腺癌,有独特的形态学特征。儿童乳腺癌极其罕见,分泌性乳腺癌仅占所有乳腺癌的不到0.15%,可见于男女患者,是儿童乳腺癌的最常见类型。

病史简介

患儿于18月前发现右乳移动性肿块,近6个月来增大,右乳头下可触及圆形包块(2 cmx2 cm),可移动,边界清晰,质硬。体格检查发现有少量阴毛和腋毛出现,睾丸体积约3ml,阴茎发育为青春前期水平。无生理缺陷,生长发育史正常,其他状况良好。曾有季节性变态反应和湿疹病史,局部使用糖皮质激素治疗。外祖父患有哮喘,祖母在70岁时被诊断患有乳腺癌。

实验室及影像检查

实验室检查:雌酮17 pg/ml(正常<10 pg/ml),其他激素水平如甲状腺激素、睾酮、FSH、LH及hCG均未发现异常。左手X线检查为8岁骨龄。右乳超声检查显示,边界清晰、椭圆形、低回声、移动性包块(1.4 cmX1.3 cmX0.8 cm),包块边缘光滑,位于胸肌表面,长轴与皮肤平行。彩色多普勒显示,包块血流较少,边缘无不规则毛刺,无钙化,无丰富血管,未见侵袭性肿瘤病变的典型特征。対侧乳房无异常。

鉴别诊断

男性乳腺发育症

在鉴别可能的男性乳腺发育症之前,首先应排除假性女性型乳房,该征主要是由于乳晕下脂肪组织累积引起,而无腺性乳腺组织。而真正的男性乳腺发育症是由男性乳腺腺性组织良性增生引起,以质韧、可移动的乳晕下包块为特征。假性女性型乳房多出现在肥胖人群,常为双侧。该患儿BMI正常,且病变为单侧,与毗邻的皮下脂肪组织并无关联。真性男性乳腺发育症可能是由生理或病理性睾酮/雌激素比例降低引起,这种雄、雌激素平衡失调的病理性原因包括,某些药物或复方中药成分引起睾酮分泌减少或作用减弱,或雌激素分泌增加。

生理性男性青春期乳房发育

大约有65%的男性会在青春期发生男性乳房发育,大多开始于青春期的早期,在13-14岁出现高峰,90%受影响的男孩会自发消退。由于在青春期,芳香化酶活化(该酶可催化肾上腺雄激素转变为雌激素)使雌激素达到成人水平,而雄性激素还处于青春期水平,雄/雌性激素失衡,促使乳腺组织发育增殖。青春期除了会有第二性征的出现,还会有脱氢表雄酮、雄烯二酮、睾酮水平的抬高,以及促性腺激素释放激素脉冲频率和强度的增加。显然,该8岁患儿尚未进入青春期。

病理性男性乳腺发育症

能引起男性乳腺发育的药物和中药成分主要是雌激素和雌激素类似物,如茶树油、薰衣草油,以及某些存在于洗液、肥皂和洗发剂中的弱雌激素和抗雄激素成分。能够抑制睾酮分泌和发挥作用的药物如,酮康唑、螺内酯、雄激素受体抑制剂、甲硝唑、西咪替丁和一些烷化剂。增加内源性雌激素产生的药物如促生育药物,以及其他的作用机制未知的药物如大麻、海洛因、生长激素、钙通道阻滞剂、异烟肼和三环类抗抑郁药物。

在性腺功能低下或青春期启动较晚(>14岁)的患者,促性腺激素分泌不足导致睾酮水平低下,睾酮与雌激素比例下降,也会引起病理性男性乳腺发育症。其他引起睾酮分泌减少的因素包括,高促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症,如无睾症、睾丸损伤、腮腺炎性睾丸炎、睾丸辐射、睾酮合成异常。该患者的激素水平检查均不支持这些原因所致的病理性男性乳腺发育症。在雄激素不敏感综合征患者,睾酮水平常有升高,部分患者会有生殖器发育异常。

此外,分泌睾酮的睾丸间质细胞和支持细胞肿瘤,或分泌hCG的生殖细胞肿瘤会增加芳香化酶的表达和活性,导致睾丸分泌雌激素增加,同时可能减少或抑制促性腺激素的释放。性腺外芳香化酶也能引起雌激素水平增加,如甲亢、肥胖症患者,以及肾上腺肿瘤的芳香化底物增加,肝脏疾病的雌激素灭活减少。

乳腺良性病变

乳腺良性病变很少发生在儿童,包括乳腺脓肿(以硬结、红斑、波动为特点),导管内囊肿,导管内乳头状瘤,纤维腺瘤(有血性乳头溢液),乳腺叶状肿瘤(增长迅速、无痛、良恶性均有)。该患者影像结果提示良性病变,肿块定位在乳晕下方,无快速增大,无炎症和乳头溢液,因此不考虑这些疾病的诊断。但脂肪瘤、血管瘤、淋巴管瘤可能也有乳房肿块的表现,需要鉴别诊断。

乳腺癌

儿童原发性乳腺癌极其罕见,仅有0.1%-0.3%的乳腺癌发生在儿童期。大约80%的儿童原发性乳腺癌为分泌性癌,肿瘤组织病理类型与成人不同。分泌性癌生长缓慢,尽管大约10%的患者在被诊断时已有淋巴结受累,但预后较好。其他部位原发肿瘤的转移也可能引起乳房肿块,这种情况比儿童原发性乳腺癌常见。霍奇金淋巴瘤的放射治疗,乳腺癌家族史也会增加儿童乳腺癌的风险。经综合评估,该患者单侧可移动的乳腺包块考虑为乳腺癌,建议到小儿外科进一步组织活检。

根据上面信息,判断可能是哪种疾病?

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病理检查结果

在乳晕与皮肤连接处切口,分离包块周围皮肤,未见皮肤浸润,包块轮廓分明,未伸入肌层,腋窝和锁骨上无可触及的淋巴结。显微镜下观察如下:

图A示:肿瘤为中度分化的浸润性导管癌,呈实性生长,间有有少量纤维间隔(苏木精-伊红染色);

图B示:肿瘤内少量微囊和腺体结构存在,肿瘤细胞核仁较小,可见丰富的粉红色胞浆(HE染色);

图C示:肿瘤细胞,腺腔内,微囊内见嗜酸性和双嗜性分泌物,无糖原成分(PAS染色);

图D示:荧光原位杂交检测,可见NTRK3基因信号分离,说明存在t(12;15)(p13;q25)易位和ETV6-NTRK3基因融合。这一发现支持乳腺分泌性癌的诊断。

治疗和预后

研究资料显示,局部切除是分泌性癌的首选治疗,由于活检组织的切缘阳性,该患者需要进一步的手术治疗。手术对乳房简单切除,清除活检部位的周围皮肤和皮下软组织,包括肌筋膜,但保留肌肉。前哨淋巴结活检的假阴性很低,有助于判断是否肿瘤转移,与淋巴清扫术的整体生存率和无病生存率基本相似。而且前哨淋巴结活检能够避免手臂肿胀、感觉丧失和肩部异常等并发症。若前哨淋巴结活检提示有癌转移,则需进行淋巴清扫术和后续的辅助治疗。

该患者手术切除标本组织病理检测无肿瘤残余,前哨淋巴结活检无肿瘤转移证据。该类型的乳腺癌一般预后良好,因此不必进行辅助治疗。此外,放疗本身对儿童有很大的长期的辐射性肿瘤风险。建议患者术后第一年每3个月随访一次,第二年和第三年每6个月随访一次,之后每年随访一次。随访除了常规的体格检查外,需检查血清CA15-3和CEA水平。分泌性癌的术后复发十分罕见,多数局部复发发生在术后一年内,偶有晚期复发病例远处转移的报道。在这些病例中,化疗通常无效。

原始出处:

Misra M, Sagar P, Friedmann AM, Ryan DP, Sgroi DC. CASE RECORDS of the MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. Case 12-2016. An 8-Year-Old Boy with an Enlarging Mass in the Right Breast. N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 21;374(16):1565-74

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    2016-05-17 QQ76174b26

    平时都可以注意一下这种罕见病例

    0

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    2016-05-16 cnxcy
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2034176, encodeId=f66420341e6d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=97b5e95599f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见病例#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79559, encryptionId=97b5e95599f, topicName=罕见病例)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=845e216, createdName=cqlidoudou, createdTime=Fri Feb 24 13:25:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86089, encodeId=0fdb86089a9, content=平时都可以注意一下这种罕见病例, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20751724934, createdName=QQ76174b26, createdTime=Tue May 17 08:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1412002, encodeId=41d91412002c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=951b82e63ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿块#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82763, encryptionId=951b82e63ff, topicName=肿块)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c58f2824468, createdName=cnxcy, createdTime=Mon May 16 05:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1467132, encodeId=84d1146e13227, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef32e9539e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79539, encryptionId=ef32e9539e8, topicName=罕见)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=29f36868190, createdName=syscxl, createdTime=Mon May 16 05:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85879, encodeId=b023858e955, content=学习了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=211, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a6a1604604, createdName=Gsurgeon, createdTime=Sun May 15 16:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85805, encodeId=8f36858051e, content=这种病例非常罕见,但是临床上也应该值得注意。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=219, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Sun May 15 07:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-16 syscxl
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2034176, encodeId=f66420341e6d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=97b5e95599f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见病例#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79559, encryptionId=97b5e95599f, topicName=罕见病例)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=845e216, createdName=cqlidoudou, createdTime=Fri Feb 24 13:25:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86089, encodeId=0fdb86089a9, content=平时都可以注意一下这种罕见病例, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20751724934, createdName=QQ76174b26, createdTime=Tue May 17 08:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1412002, encodeId=41d91412002c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=951b82e63ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿块#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82763, encryptionId=951b82e63ff, topicName=肿块)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c58f2824468, createdName=cnxcy, createdTime=Mon May 16 05:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1467132, encodeId=84d1146e13227, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef32e9539e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79539, encryptionId=ef32e9539e8, topicName=罕见)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=29f36868190, createdName=syscxl, createdTime=Mon May 16 05:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85879, encodeId=b023858e955, content=学习了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=211, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a6a1604604, createdName=Gsurgeon, createdTime=Sun May 15 16:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85805, encodeId=8f36858051e, content=这种病例非常罕见,但是临床上也应该值得注意。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=219, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Sun May 15 07:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-15 Gsurgeon

    学习了谢谢

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2034176, encodeId=f66420341e6d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=97b5e95599f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见病例#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79559, encryptionId=97b5e95599f, topicName=罕见病例)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=845e216, createdName=cqlidoudou, createdTime=Fri Feb 24 13:25:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86089, encodeId=0fdb86089a9, content=平时都可以注意一下这种罕见病例, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20751724934, createdName=QQ76174b26, createdTime=Tue May 17 08:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1412002, encodeId=41d91412002c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=951b82e63ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿块#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82763, encryptionId=951b82e63ff, topicName=肿块)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c58f2824468, createdName=cnxcy, createdTime=Mon May 16 05:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1467132, encodeId=84d1146e13227, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef32e9539e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79539, encryptionId=ef32e9539e8, topicName=罕见)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=29f36868190, createdName=syscxl, createdTime=Mon May 16 05:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85879, encodeId=b023858e955, content=学习了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=211, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a6a1604604, createdName=Gsurgeon, createdTime=Sun May 15 16:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85805, encodeId=8f36858051e, content=这种病例非常罕见,但是临床上也应该值得注意。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=219, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Sun May 15 07:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-15 medcardio

    这种病例非常罕见,但是临床上也应该值得注意。

    0

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