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Science:石正丽教授发表综述——新冠病毒传播途径

2021-01-10 中国生物技术网 中国生物技术网

北京时间1月9日,中科院武汉病毒所研究员石正丽和周鹏在《Science》杂志上发表了新冠病毒传播的评述文章:SARS-CoV-2 spillover events。系统的概述了当前新冠病毒向人传播的途

北京时间1月9日,中科院武汉病毒所研究员石正丽周鹏《Science》杂志上发表了新冠病毒传播的评述文章:SARS-CoV-2 spillover events。系统的概述了当前新冠病毒向人传播的途径,并指出在新冠病毒自然宿主溯源、新冠病毒在动物中变异后对人健康的影响等方面还需更多科学研究。

严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS,2003年)中东呼吸综合征(MERS,2012年)新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19,2019年)都爆发于近几十年,并由不同的冠状病毒株引起。不少病毒被认为源自蝙蝠,然后通过中间宿主传播给人类。SARS病毒来源于野生动物市场的果子狸;MERS病毒源自单峰骆驼;但目前我们仍未确定COVID-19病原体的直接来源

Oude Munnink等人深入报告了荷兰的16个水貂养殖场动物和在此工作生活的工人发生新冠病毒感染事件,97名农场主、工人和他们的密切接触者中有66名感染了新冠病毒,一些病人的毒株具有动物序列特征,这为新冠病毒在水貂场内动物与人之间来回溢出(注:自然界病毒跨越种群,传播给人或者其他动物)提供了证据

除了水貂,多种野生或家养动物也可能携带新冠病毒或其相关病毒。实验性病毒感染试验及病毒抗原-受体亲和试验证实新冠病毒具有广泛的宿主范围。新冠疫情爆发后,一些研究组在中国马蹄蝠和南亚走私的穿山甲中报告了SARS相关冠状病毒,但基因组序列比较结果并没有新冠病毒的直接祖先。家猫、家狗以及园区老虎也发现能被患者传染新冠病毒,但同样没有证据表明它们可以传染人类。所以,它们不太可能是新冠病毒来源的宿主。

迄今为止,世界动物卫生组织在8个国家(荷兰、丹麦、西班牙、法国、瑞典、意大利、美国和希腊)报告了水貂农场发生新冠病毒感染事件。除了农场动物向人传播外,食品冷链已经引起人们极大关注。在中国多个城市,出现的几起小规模新冠疫情都是由海外受病毒污染的海鲜或猪肉引起。有证据表明,新冠病毒可以在肉类和冷食品包装表面存活3周,仍具传染性。因此,感染新冠病毒动物的肉或病毒污染的食品包装可能是人类传染源

SARS-CoV-2可能的传播链

感染新冠病毒的动物,大多数没有明显的临床表现,不进行常规诊断就无法甄别。大规模“扑杀”养殖场水貂是防止病毒进一步传播的有效方法。然而,这不适用所有家畜(如果发现其它物种是新冠病毒宿主)。因此,出于谨慎考虑,应在高密度种群的家禽场中实施严格的隔离措施。由于病毒能在某些动物(如水貂)与人之间传播,类似的管控策略也应在重要职业群体如动物饲养员,动物园管理员或屠宰场工人中开展。不过新冠病毒在其它动物(除了水貂)与人间的传播证据还比较有限。科学界应开展其它家畜是否能携带新冠病毒,是否可以传播给人类以及病毒溢出其它相关因素方面的研究

当前科学界已检测到新冠病毒累积的突变,但新冠病毒RNA基因组在人群中传播期间似乎仍然相对稳定。人们普遍认为冠状病毒在跳跃到不同物种时往往会快速进化。为了保持低复制错误率,冠状病毒编码数种RNA加工和校对酶来提高病毒复制的保真度。

然而,为了适应新物种宿主,病毒倾向于牺牲这种保真度。冠状病毒刺突蛋白易于突变,它是病毒感染宿主的首要关键分子,因此面临最强的选择压力。人们在非典病毒基因组中观察到这种分子进化现象,疾病传播早期(果子狸到人类)比后期(人与人之间)受到的适应压力更大。

动物中发生突变的新冠病毒可能会增加其在人中发病程度和传播力。在水貂中发现了5种(Cluster 1-5)新冠病毒变异株。在丹麦,Cluster 5对新冠肺炎病人血清的免疫原性比人新冠病毒低,这是因为该异株的突变位于病毒的刺突蛋白。Cluster 5毒株已感染至少12人,但患者临床表现、严重程度和感染者间的传播与其它流行在人的新冠病毒株相似。目前,尚无证据表明水貂新冠毒株的任何突变都可以逃避针对人流行株抗体的中和作用。但考虑到新冠病毒在人与某些动物之间可能的溢出风险,有必要密切监测来自感染动物和人的病毒基因组突变,特别是影响诊断测试、抗病毒药物和疫苗开发区域的基因组。

疫苗将有助于控制新冠肺炎。如果病毒继续从动物身上溢出,则针对当前流行毒株的疫苗可能面临挑战。在动物和人类物种间传播过程中病毒基因组很可能产生突变,引起人们对当前疫苗能否在未来预防新型毒株。对动物和人类病毒基因组的广泛测序以及全球范围的数据共享,将是监测病毒基因组关键突变对疫苗效力影响的核心工作。实验研究应检测出现的突变是否影响病毒的主要特性,包括发病机理,免疫原性和交叉中和作用。此外,应对新变体病毒疫苗的开发做出准备。从长远来看,还应考虑对动物进行疫苗接种,避免农业经济损失。

蝙蝠或穿山甲携带的冠状病毒基因组序列与人新冠病毒相似性达到90~96%,但它们是否为人类首次疫情爆发的动物来源仍有争论。蝙蝠和穿山甲病毒基因组进化分析表明,在新冠肺炎大流行之前,病毒在动物宿主或人类中已进行了进一步的适应。因此,具有高种群密度的动物,通过自然选择并具有合格的新冠病毒受体ACE2,可能会成是新冠病毒的直接祖先宿主。另一个争论是关新冠病毒来源。目前数据质疑新冠病毒源于武汉海鲜市场动物。

鉴于在一些进口食品包装表面检测到新冠病毒,因此,接触被污染的、未经烹煮的食物可能是新冠病毒传播的重要途径。近期,在新冠肺炎爆发之前采集的境外人员血清样本中检测出新冠病毒抗体,这表明武汉报道首例病例前,新冠病毒已经存在了一段时间。应对疫情爆发前,来自水貂、其它易感动物以及人的样本进行回顾性调查,以鉴定病毒祖先的宿主,并确定病毒何时溢出到人类。

原始出处:

Zhou P, Shi ZL. SARS-CoV-2 spillover events.Science. 2021 Jan 8;371(6525):120-122. doi: 10.1126/science.abf6097.

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    2021-03-06 tastas
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    2021-01-13 ms3000000261152321

    已读

    0

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    2021-01-12 jichang
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    2021-01-11 weigq

    听说日本又发现新的变体。

    0

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    2021-01-10 科研科研科研

    防止疫情在动物与人类直接扩散,不破坏动物得生殖规律,保护生态并建立基因库

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1972830, encodeId=0e0719e28303c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=005e258955f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#传播途径#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25895, encryptionId=005e258955f, topicName=传播途径)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e622500011, createdName=12498484m46(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 04 04:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1677468, encodeId=6aca16e74687c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41dce32778d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#石正丽#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73277, encryptionId=41dce32778d, topicName=石正丽)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=03dd27506017, createdName=tastas, createdTime=Sat Mar 06 16:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916188, encodeId=cc72916188b4, content=已读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=218, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=da655451484, createdName=ms3000000261152321, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 11:03:24 CST 2021, time=2021-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1376238, encodeId=ec9413e62388d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 05:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915588, encodeId=fa74915588a8, content=听说日本又发现新的变体。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=202, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 15:14:58 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915386, encodeId=357b91538637, content=防止疫情在动物与人类直接扩散,不破坏动物得生殖规律,保护生态并建立基因库, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=222, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210110/e6124a4b19bc40ce8afaae096d21126b/dd778ac260c9416eb87e7d08139507f5.jpg, createdBy=4d2f5079605, createdName=科研科研科研, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 22:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915327, encodeId=286f91532e07, content=传播途径, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=215, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 19:03:31 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1028982, encodeId=28451028982b5, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 17:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915271, encodeId=7ad09152e190, content=认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 15:56:48 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-10 oo902

    传播途径

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1972830, encodeId=0e0719e28303c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=005e258955f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#传播途径#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25895, encryptionId=005e258955f, topicName=传播途径)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e622500011, createdName=12498484m46(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 04 04:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1677468, encodeId=6aca16e74687c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41dce32778d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#石正丽#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73277, encryptionId=41dce32778d, topicName=石正丽)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=03dd27506017, createdName=tastas, createdTime=Sat Mar 06 16:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916188, encodeId=cc72916188b4, content=已读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=218, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=da655451484, createdName=ms3000000261152321, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 11:03:24 CST 2021, time=2021-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1376238, encodeId=ec9413e62388d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 05:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915588, encodeId=fa74915588a8, content=听说日本又发现新的变体。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=202, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 15:14:58 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915386, encodeId=357b91538637, content=防止疫情在动物与人类直接扩散,不破坏动物得生殖规律,保护生态并建立基因库, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=222, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210110/e6124a4b19bc40ce8afaae096d21126b/dd778ac260c9416eb87e7d08139507f5.jpg, createdBy=4d2f5079605, createdName=科研科研科研, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 22:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915327, encodeId=286f91532e07, content=传播途径, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=215, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 19:03:31 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1028982, encodeId=28451028982b5, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 17:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915271, encodeId=7ad09152e190, content=认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 15:56:48 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-10 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1972830, encodeId=0e0719e28303c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=005e258955f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#传播途径#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25895, encryptionId=005e258955f, topicName=传播途径)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e622500011, createdName=12498484m46(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 04 04:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1677468, encodeId=6aca16e74687c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41dce32778d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#石正丽#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73277, encryptionId=41dce32778d, topicName=石正丽)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=03dd27506017, createdName=tastas, createdTime=Sat Mar 06 16:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916188, encodeId=cc72916188b4, content=已读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=218, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=da655451484, createdName=ms3000000261152321, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 11:03:24 CST 2021, time=2021-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1376238, encodeId=ec9413e62388d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 05:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915588, encodeId=fa74915588a8, content=听说日本又发现新的变体。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=202, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 15:14:58 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915386, encodeId=357b91538637, content=防止疫情在动物与人类直接扩散,不破坏动物得生殖规律,保护生态并建立基因库, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=222, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210110/e6124a4b19bc40ce8afaae096d21126b/dd778ac260c9416eb87e7d08139507f5.jpg, createdBy=4d2f5079605, createdName=科研科研科研, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 22:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915327, encodeId=286f91532e07, content=传播途径, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=215, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 19:03:31 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1028982, encodeId=28451028982b5, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 17:56:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915271, encodeId=7ad09152e190, content=认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 15:56:48 CST 2021, time=2021-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-10 phoebeyan520

    认真学习

    0

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