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一波三折!患者PCI术后40天再现心包压塞

2018-05-25 韩雅玲 王祖禄 朱鲜阳 规避陷阱:心血管疾病介入并发症防治攻略

67岁男性患者因“胸闷5小时”入院,给予常规治疗未见好转,遂行冠状动脉造影及支架手术。术后患者胸闷症状缓解,然而,术后反复出现起搏功能不良,超声提示大量心包积液,考虑临时起搏电极穿孔导致急性心包压塞,行心包引流,术后一周出院。术后40天患者再次出现心包积液。为何PCI术后会出现心包压塞?该患者再次出现的原因又是什么?详见以下病例——

67岁男性患者因“胸闷5小时”入院,给予常规治疗未见好转,遂行冠状动脉造影及支架手术。术后患者胸闷症状缓解,然而,术后反复出现起搏功能不良,超声提示大量心包积液,考虑临时起搏电极穿孔导致急性心包压塞,行心包引流,术后一周出院。术后40天患者再次出现心包积液。为何PCI术后会出现心包压塞?该患者再次出现的原因又是什么?详见以下病例——

患者,男,67岁,主因“胸闷5小时”于2013年6月16日急诊入院。入院后查心电图提示:窦性心动过缓,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avF、V7~V9导联ST段抬高0.1~0.3mV,血生化检测示:心肌酶CK 1272U/L,CK-MB 94U/L,BNP 758pg/ml.。诊断:冠心病,急性下壁、后壁心梗,Killip Ⅰ级。住院后给予常规扩张冠状动脉、抗凝等处理,胸闷症状仍然不缓解。遂于入院后3小时(心梗后8小时)行急诊冠状动脉造影术。

因为患者心电监测呈现持续窦性心动过缓,心率45次/分,遂经右股静脉途径送入临时起搏电极导线至右室心尖部,给予心室起搏,起搏频率60次/分。冠状动脉造影提示:LM及LAD、LCX未见明显狭窄(图1-23-3),RCA中段以远处完全闭塞,血栓负荷较重(图1-23-4)。

给予盐酸替罗非班静脉泵入,RCA植入支架(2.5mm × 23mm Xience V支架),血流恢复(图1-23-5)。冠状动脉造影及支架手术顺利,患者胸闷症状缓解。术后12小时出现间断起搏不良,床旁非透视下微调起搏电极后起搏功能恢复正常。术后24小时再次出现起搏功能不良,导管室透视下与前一天临时起搏电极位置(图1-23-6)比较,发现心室起搏电极头端在右室心尖部较前有移位,位置较深(图1-23-7),遂撤出电极导线将起搏电极导线重新调整定位,起搏感知功能良好,起搏频率50次/分,观察血压正常,回到监护病房。

术后1小时,患者出现恶心大汗,血压由110/79mmHg下降到75/50mmHg,急诊床旁超声示大量心包积液,考虑临时起搏电极穿孔导致急性心包压塞。立即床旁心包穿刺,穿刺引流300ml血性心包积液,患者胸闷恶心、症状缓解,血压恢复正常。留置心包引流管,停用低分子肝素,继续应用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗。PCI术后36小时自主心律恢复正常,撤除临时起搏电极导线。PCI术后72小时,心包引流管无心包积液引出,心脏超声示无心包积液,遂拔除心包引流管。PCI术后1周复查心脏超声示无心包积液,患者顺利出院。

患者PCI术后40天,主诉“胸闷、气短、腹胀、双下肢水肿5天”再次入院。查体:血压106/70mmHg,衰竭病容,不能平卧,颈静脉怒张,心界向两侧明显扩大,心率68次/分,心音遥远,肝脏肿大于肋下3指处触及,双下肢水肿。当地医院CT检查可见大量胸腔积液和心包积液。

入院后行心脏超声检查示:大量心包积液,诊断:冠心病,PCI术后大量心包积液,慢性心包压塞。第2次入院后第1天,给予心包穿刺留置心包引流管,抽出血性心包积液250ml,患者症状明显缓解。心包积液行实验室检查:外观血性,Rivalta试验阳性,乳酸脱氢酶2461U/L,总蛋白63g/L,红细胞0.3 × 1012/L,同时外周血红细胞3.1 × 1012/L,提示心包积液为渗出液,心包积液与血液的红细胞比值约为1∶11。查血生化示肝功能明显异常:ALT明显升高至836U/L,TB 60μmol/L,凝血四项检查示:纤维蛋白原下降至95mg/d(l正常参考值为180~350mg/dl),INR1.88,凝血酶原时间延长至20.9秒(正常参考值为9.8~12.1秒),血小板降低至87g/L,血红蛋白下降至98g/L(PCI术后1周出院前Hb为114g/L)。

遂停用阿司匹林,维持氯吡格雷应用,给予保肝药物及输血浆补充凝血因子等治疗。留置心包引流管,每天血性心包积液引流量300~600ml。因为心包积液持续出现并无减少,在第3天氯吡格雷减量为50mg/d,引流1周后仍有大量血性心包积液,血红蛋白继续下降至84g/L,遂在第7天完全停用氯吡格雷。心包引流管外接负压吸引器给予持续负压吸引。第10天心包引流管无心包积液引出,复查心脏超声示心包积液消失。继续观察3天仍无心包积液,拔除心包引流管。继续超声监测观察1周仍无心包积液,恢复应用氯吡格雷75mg/d,再继续观察1周未见心包积液,恢复应用阿司匹林100mg/d,维持双联抗血小板药物治疗随访1年,病情稳定,未再发心包积液。


图1-23-3 左冠状动脉造影影像


图1-23-4 右冠状动脉造影影像


图1-23-5 右冠状动脉置入支架1枚


图1-23-6 临时起搏电极位置(急诊)


图1-23-7 临时起搏电极位置(较急诊影像比较临时起搏器电极头端向前移位)

点评:

1.心脏介入术中出现心包压塞的原因

心脏介入术中术后出现心包压塞是最危急的并发症之一。永久心脏起搏器术中因为起搏电极导致心肌穿孔,临床上并不少见,实际发生率远多于临床发现者,但是大多无症状,且未应用抗凝药,电极如果不拔除,一般不会出现心包压塞,电极尖端被纤维组织逐渐包裹,一般不需处理。PCI术中由于窦性心动过缓或者房室传导阻滞需要应用临时起搏器,临时起搏电极由于尖端较硬,操作不当有可能导致心肌穿孔。特别是急性下壁右室心梗,右室下后壁及心尖部局部心肌细胞变性坏死,心肌组织脆弱变薄,加上应用了大量抗凝药,极容易由临时起搏电极导致心肌穿孔,且出现心包压塞。本例患者临时起搏电极因为术后起搏功能不良,在床旁非透视条件下进行过起搏电极位置的调整,更增加了电极穿孔、心包压塞的几率。心包压塞最有效的处理手段就是立即心包穿刺置管引流心包积液,并酌情短期停用抗凝药。只要发现处理及时,绝大部分会恢复良好。所以处理的关键是在介入操作术中术后,医生的心中要有心包压塞并发症的意识,及时发现心包压塞,随时备好心包穿刺的抢救器材,才能避免延误抢救时间。

2.延迟出现心包压塞的原因

本例患者PCI术后40天再次出现心包压塞的原因:AMI后局部心肌坏死脆弱变薄,心肌穿孔后愈合功能差,加上应用双联抗血小板药物,局部穿孔心肌未能完全愈合,导致慢性渗血形成心包积液。另外本例患者合并血小板减少及明显凝血指标异常,局部穿孔处心肌更不易愈合。本例患者出现血小板减少及凝血指标异常的原因:肝脏是许多凝血因子合成的重要器官,肝功能损害可导致蛋白质合成能力下降、凝血因子合成减少,肝素酶合成减少,肝素灭活能力下降,血浆肝素含量升高,出现凝血功能障碍。肝功能损害,血清游离胆红素浓度升高时,会与血小板的膜脂质结合,而使其溶解或使其大量的被吞噬细胞吞噬,引起血小板质和量的异常。本例患者由于大量心包积液后出现右心衰竭,肝脏功能损害,出现继发性凝血指标异常和血小板数量减少,延缓穿孔心肌的愈合,增加心包慢性渗血,这样就形成恶性循环。

3.慢性心包压塞的处理

首先要立即行心包穿刺置管引流,减轻心包压塞的症状。因为患者的血红蛋白有持续下降,考虑患者局部心肌有微小穿孔导致慢性渗血,另外血性心包积液在1周内不断抽液后持续增长,根据心包积液的化验分析提示心包积液有10%为血液,其他为渗出性心包积液,考虑存在心脏损伤后综合征(PCIS)。处理上首先要考虑暂时停用抗凝药:本例患者采取停用阿司匹林,氯吡格雷减量,观察1周后无效。此时考虑外科手术修补的办法不可行,因为患者延迟出现的心包压塞是局部慢性渗血,局部心肌不一定有明确的孔道,很可能是弥漫性慢性渗血,外科手术缝补可能无从下手。

处理经验:延迟出现的慢性心包渗血、心包压塞需要完全停用抗凝药(阿司匹林和氯吡格雷),本例患者双联抗凝药停药3天后心包积血逐渐消失。当然,我们要权衡血栓与出血之间的风险效益比,否则有可能局部的心肌微小穿孔渗血永远不能自凝。长时间不愈合,会形成慢性窦道,处理会更加棘手。因为考虑患者延迟出现的心包压塞是局部弥漫性慢性渗血,外科手术缝补的策略可能不可行。另外,心包引流管外接负压引流器给予持续负压吸引,心包壁层和脏层紧密贴附,促进局部微小穿孔的愈合。还有,要重视肝脏功能的恢复,避免肝脏功能异常继发的凝血功能异常和血小板功能异常,从而导致持续性出血不能自凝。

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    2018-12-04 zxl736
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633835, encodeId=b6211633835e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=578d13843ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCI术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13843, encryptionId=578d13843ad, topicName=PCI术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea4322051797, createdName=zxl736, createdTime=Tue Dec 04 06:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319587, encodeId=844331958ea8, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue May 29 07:08:28 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1486429, encodeId=46b91486429ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=76291384571' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCI术后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13845, encryptionId=76291384571, topicName=PCI术后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4ea78134582, createdName=12499e01m49暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun May 27 07:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318684, encodeId=4fa431868426, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sat May 26 08:11:27 CST 2018, time=2018-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318505, encodeId=ec2931850588, content=典型病例分析.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri May 25 17:17:10 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-29 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633835, encodeId=b6211633835e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=578d13843ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCI术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13843, encryptionId=578d13843ad, topicName=PCI术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea4322051797, createdName=zxl736, createdTime=Tue Dec 04 06:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319587, encodeId=844331958ea8, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue May 29 07:08:28 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1486429, encodeId=46b91486429ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=76291384571' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCI术后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13845, encryptionId=76291384571, topicName=PCI术后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4ea78134582, createdName=12499e01m49暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun May 27 07:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318684, encodeId=4fa431868426, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sat May 26 08:11:27 CST 2018, time=2018-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318505, encodeId=ec2931850588, content=典型病例分析.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri May 25 17:17:10 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-26 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633835, encodeId=b6211633835e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=578d13843ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCI术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13843, encryptionId=578d13843ad, topicName=PCI术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea4322051797, createdName=zxl736, createdTime=Tue Dec 04 06:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319587, encodeId=844331958ea8, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue May 29 07:08:28 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1486429, encodeId=46b91486429ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=76291384571' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCI术后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13845, encryptionId=76291384571, topicName=PCI术后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4ea78134582, createdName=12499e01m49暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun May 27 07:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318684, encodeId=4fa431868426, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sat May 26 08:11:27 CST 2018, time=2018-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318505, encodeId=ec2931850588, content=典型病例分析.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri May 25 17:17:10 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-25 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    典型病例分析.学习了.

    0

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