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Nat Neurosci:老年痴呆的大脑为什么会萎缩?细胞死亡的新机制被首次挖掘

2017-07-26 Flora 生物探索

近期,一篇在线发表在Nature子刊《Nature Neuroscience》上的学术文章揭示了AD患者大脑细胞死亡的新通路。科学家们第一次证实,一种新的程序性死亡——necroptosis(坏死性凋亡)会导致神经细胞死亡,从而造成阿尔兹海默症的病情恶化、认知能力下降和大脑组织萎缩。



近期,一篇在线发表在Nature子刊《Nature Neuroscience》上的学术文章揭示了AD患者大脑细胞死亡的新通路。科学家们第一次证实,一种新的程序性死亡——necroptosis(坏死性凋亡)会导致神经细胞死亡,从而造成阿尔兹海默症的病情恶化、认知能力下降和大脑组织萎缩。

阿尔兹海默症(AD)典型的症状包括记忆减弱、认知障碍、语言衰退。随着病情的发展,患者的大脑会出现神经细胞死亡,且医学上目前还没有减缓、逆转大脑萎缩的方法。

为了找到对策,我们需要对阿尔兹海默症的致病机理深入挖掘,找到大脑细胞衰亡的分子机制。近期,一篇在线发表在Nature子刊《Nature Neuroscience》上的学术文章揭示了AD患者大脑细胞死亡的新通路。

来自于亚利桑那州立大学-Banner Health的神经学家Salvatore Oddo和来自于Translational Genomics研究所(TGen)、加州大学的团队完成了这一研究。他们首次证明,一种新的程序性死亡——necroptosis(坏死性凋亡)会导致神经细胞死亡,从而造成阿尔兹海默症的病情恶化、认知能力下降、大脑组织萎缩。

何为Necroptosis?

Necroptosis是指由一系列蛋白引发的细胞由内而外的坏死过程。已有研究表明,necroptosis与多发性硬化症、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)有关。现在,科学家们第一次证实,它同样也参与阿尔兹海默症。

“我们已经明确知道,AD患者的大脑神经元会死亡。相比于正常人,他们的大脑体积小、重量轻。虽然大脑萎缩的病症已经发现了100多年,但是迄今为止,这一死亡机制却一直未被解析透彻。” Oddo表示道。

Necroptosis如何引发大脑细胞坏死?

Necroptosis最初是由炎症引发的。3个关键蛋白——RIPK1、RIPK3和MLKL促成了坏死性凋亡的开始。过去的研究已经表明,RIPK1和RIPK3蛋白会形成一个丝状复合体——“necrosome”。

现在,Oddo团队发现,Necrosome的形成会启动细胞坏死。它会激活MLKL蛋白,从而进一步影响细胞的线粒体,最终导致细胞死亡。

TGen副教授Winnie Liang表示,MLKL在细胞坏死性凋亡过程中发挥着“承上启下”的关键作用。

首先,他们选定神经细胞死亡多的大脑区域,检测这些区域内RIPK1、RIPK3和MLKL蛋白的表达水平。结果发现,在AD患者大脑中,伴随着necroptosis的发生,这3种蛋白标志物的表达量会显着增加。

随后,他们找到关联细胞坏死的信号通路: RIPK1通过与RIPK3结合形成复合体,复合体会进一步激活MLKL蛋白。

此外,他们还证明,necroptosis过程与Tau蛋白(与β-淀粉样蛋白并列的AD致病蛋白)有关。有趣的是,necroptosis与β-淀粉样蛋白造成的老年斑却没有关系。

Necroptosis影响患者认知能力

为了评估坏死蛋白水平与认知健康之间的关系,研究团队对已发生necroptosis的AD患者采用简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)进行认知障碍评估。结果显示,RIPK1和MLKL蛋白高表达与MMSE分值降低有很大的关联性。

所以,necroptosis与阿尔兹海默症之间的关联,主要表现为细胞死亡和认知障碍。

如何减缓这些恶性循环?研究团队以AD小鼠为模型证实,通过阻断RIPK1能够抑制necroptosis通路,从而减缓神经细胞死亡。更重要的是,necroptosis通路被抑制的小鼠表现出更好的认知能力。

AD治疗的新方向、希望

这项研究为阿尔兹海默症研究打开了一扇新的窗口,为治疗大脑细胞消亡提供新的希望。

Oddo强调,RIPK1、RIPK3和MLKL蛋白是很多药物的潜在靶点。虽然阿尔兹海默症的致病因素有很多,但是对致病机理的一步步挖掘有助于我们找到对策,有望在病症出现、神经衰亡之前就进行防治。

引发老年痴呆的致病因素可能并不单一,但是已有的研究都表明,最终的后果都是神经元死亡。如果我们能够阻止这一过程,那么将有望控制病情发展。


原始出处:Antonella Caccamo,Caterina Branca,Ignazio S Piras, et al.Necroptosis activation in Alzheimer's disease.Nature Neurosicence(2017).

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    2017-11-05 chendoc252
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    2018-07-08 liye789132251
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    2017-08-01 虈亣靌

    很不错学习了多谢分享

    0

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    2017-07-30 QQ25ed180f

    蛋白表达,不同蛋白提示不同的层面

    0

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    2017-07-28 lsndxfj
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    2017-07-27 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章真好好好好

    0

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    2017-07-26 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

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    2017-07-26 1771ae4158m

    学习一下很不错

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