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房颤患者卒中预防:选择新型口服抗凝药还是左心耳封堵术?从循证医学证据到临床实践

2020-11-06 《门诊》杂志 门诊新视野

房颤患者卒中风险是正常人的5倍,而每5个脑卒中患者中就有一个是由房颤所引起的;房颤患者卒中具有高致死性、高致残性、高复发性的特点,十分凶险。

在第31届长城心脏病学会议左心耳封堵论坛“中美巅峰对话-左心耳封堵发展趋势”环节上,中方坛主、中国左心耳封堵预防心房颤动卒中专家共识(2019)主要撰写人、上海交通大学附属胸科医院心脏中心主任何奔教授,与美国梅奥医学中心血管学术掌门人、前ACC主席 David Holmes教授,就左心耳封堵的临床应用实际问题及最新研究进展等一系列关键要点,展开了颇具前瞻性的深入探讨。何奔教授结合丰富的临床经验和学术积累,针对“新型口服抗凝药物与左心耳封堵如何选择”这一核心问题做了深入分析和精辟阐述。现将何奔教授的发言翻译整理发表,以飨读者。

房颤患者卒中风险是正常人的5倍,而每5个脑卒中患者中就有一个是由房颤所引起的;房颤患者卒中具有高致死性、高致残性、高复发性的特点,十分凶险。最近研究发现,房颤患者血栓形成100%位于左心耳,即使极少数房颤患者有其他部位血栓形成,但左心耳内也一定有血栓,进一步强化了左心耳是房颤患者血栓形成祸源所在。

房颤患者卒中预防主要有两种手段,包括口服抗凝药和左心耳封堵术,其中发展经历了三个阶段,20世纪初研究主要集中在抗血小板和抗凝来预防卒中方面,到了2010年前后研究者开始关注新型口服抗凝药(NOACs)预防房颤卒中的疗效,近五年左心耳封堵则成为研究者日益关注的焦点,未来需要更多关注左心耳封堵与新型口服抗凝药对比预防卒中的疗效方面。

房颤患者华法林抗凝预防卒中一直被认为是金标准,既往临床研究的meta分析表明华法林可以有效降低房颤卒中风险60%以上。新型口服抗凝药的出现挑战了华法林的抗凝地位,越来越多的临床研究发现,NOACs在取得与华法林相近的预防卒中风险效果的同时出血风险明显减少,更加安全,因此现在房颤患者在预防卒中方面优先考虑NOACs;然而NOACs并非完美无缺,长期服用NOACs同样面临出血风险增加的风险;抗凝药还有一个长期的依从性问题,即使NOACs,实际的一年长期坚持率也不到60%;而研究发现,抗凝药中断,其血栓风险与没有吃过抗凝药是一样的。因此,寻找更加有效、方便、安全、长久的替代措施变得很重要。鉴于左心耳是房颤患者血栓的源头,经导管封闭左心耳使其隔离于循环之外,就变得很重要;左心耳封堵技术因此应运而生。PROTECT-AF/PREVAIL 两项临床研究长期随访结果表明,左心耳封堵术在预防卒中风险疗效方面不亚于华法林,这一重磅研究结果彻底改变了房颤卒中预防的治疗策略格局。

EWOLUTION真实世界临床研究结果表明,左心耳封堵术(LAAC)手术成功率达到98%以上,并发症只占2%左右;同时,LAAC相较于预期值,降低卒中风险80%以上,出血风险降低50%以上,一年随访期缺血性卒中发生率与预测值相比降低72%,主要出血事件降低82%。CAP研究发现LAAC能降低卒中风险78%以上。尽管LAAC对华法林的比较取得相似疗效,且在安全性终点方面表现更优,但在NOAC日渐普及的时代,LAAC与NOAC需要对比的呼声日高,2020最新的PRAGUE-17研究选取了402名高危房颤患者,随访20.8±10.8个月后发现LAAC相较于NOACs在主要终点事件方面也相似。

既往研究表明,房颤患者房颤负荷越低栓塞事件发生率就越少,那么,是不是房颤行导管消融就能降低卒中风险呢?实际上,临床研究发现肺静脉隔离(PVI)实现房颤患者节律控制并没有降低卒中事件风险,主要临床事件(心血管死亡、卒中及严重出血事件)也没有获益。这种PVI与卒中悖论究竟是与房颤消融后的高复发率有关呢?还是另有原因?包括反复消融后的左房壁心肌疤痕,心房心肌病等等?尚待进一步研究。因此2020 ESC房颤管理指南推荐PVI术后仍然要规范抗凝来预防卒中,而且抗凝治疗与PVI手术成功与否无关。

现实的问题是,面对众多的已进行房颤消融的患者,这些患者的卒中预防,究竟是应该抗凝还是应该左心耳封堵?这是临床上迫切需要回答的重要科学问题。

最后总结,长期以来华法林都是房颤患者抗凝预防卒中的标准治疗,新型口服抗凝药(NOAC)预防房颤卒中效果与华法林相近但出血风险更低,而左心耳封堵术(LAAC)预防卒中疗效不劣于华法林和NOAC,但避免了房颤患者长期服用抗凝药。肺静脉隔离(PVI)确实降低了房颤负荷,但并没有降低房颤卒中风险,因此对于庞大的PVI术后人群选择NOACs还是LAAC来预防卒中,仍然是当今迫切需要思考并解决的临床问题。

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    2021-04-25 ycmayy
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  4. 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  5. 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time=2020-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1614569, encodeId=fe7316145692f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64f95426122' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#房颤患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54261, encryptionId=64f95426122, topicName=房颤患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=937e19519012, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Sun Nov 08 08:21:21 CST 2020, time=2020-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943178, encodeId=977919431e853, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=994f5820890' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新型口服抗凝药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58208, encryptionId=994f5820890, topicName=新型口服抗凝药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Wed Mar 03 17:21:21 CST 2021, time=2021-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2061007, encodeId=fcac206100e57, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e70046e74d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#封堵术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46774, encryptionId=e70046e74d3, topicName=封堵术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, 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  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943178, encodeId=977919431e853, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=994f5820890' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新型口服抗凝药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58208, encryptionId=994f5820890, topicName=新型口服抗凝药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Wed Mar 03 17:21:21 CST 2021, time=2021-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2061007, encodeId=fcac206100e57, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e70046e74d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#封堵术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46774, encryptionId=e70046e74d3, topicName=封堵术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, 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time=2020-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1614569, encodeId=fe7316145692f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64f95426122' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#房颤患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54261, encryptionId=64f95426122, topicName=房颤患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=937e19519012, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Sun Nov 08 08:21:21 CST 2020, time=2020-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-08 xjy04
  9. 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time=2020-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1614569, encodeId=fe7316145692f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64f95426122' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#房颤患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54261, encryptionId=64f95426122, topicName=房颤患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=937e19519012, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Sun Nov 08 08:21:21 CST 2020, time=2020-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-08 jxrzshh
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