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eLife:小黑痣是怎么癌变成黑色素瘤的?与周围皮肤中的环境信号有关反应,提高移植细胞的生存率

2021-11-28 生物探索 生物探索

不容小觑的小黑痣~

几乎每个人生下来都有黑痣,黑痣有可能会癌变黑色素瘤,但这种癌变是怎么发生的,最近发表的一项由美国国立卫生研究院/国家癌症研究所资助的研究,对黑痣转变为黑色素瘤的原因提供了新的解释。

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1123日,美国犹他州大学亨斯迈癌症研究所(HCI)研究员、犹他州大学皮肤病学和肿瘤科助理教授 RobertJudson-Torres 博士,在《eLife》杂志上发表的一项研究成果中,解释了常见的痣和黑色素瘤的形成方式,以及为什么黑痣可以癌变为黑色素瘤。这些发现将会为后续降低黑色素瘤癌变风险、延迟病变及疾病早发现等更多研究铺平道路。

黑痣和黑色素瘤都是皮肤肿瘤的一种,区别在于黑痣通常是良性的,而黑色素瘤是恶性的,如果不进行治疗通常会致命。两者都来源于黑色素细胞(melanocytes),这是一种能赋予皮肤颜色以保护其免受阳光照射的细胞。以往的研究发现,超过75%的痣出现了黑色素细胞DNA序列的特定变化,这种突变被称作BRAF基因突变。相同的基因突变也发生在 50% 的黑色素瘤中,在结肠癌肺癌等癌症中也很常见。

先前主流的癌基因诱导的衰老OIS)模型认为,当黑色素细胞只发生BRAFV600E 基因突变时,细胞就会停止分裂,从而形成痣。而当黑色素细胞除了 BRAFV600E基因突变,还发生了其他突变时,细胞就会不受控制地分裂,从而形成黑色素瘤。但近年来,很多研究都对OIS模型提出了挑战,认为它并不能解释痣的形成。

Robert Judson-Torres 博士的研究小组,在亨斯迈癌症研究所和加州大学旧金山分校合作者的帮助下,同时使用转录组分析(Transcriptomicprofiling)和数字全息细胞计量术(digital holographic cytometry)对患者捐赠的痣和黑色素瘤进行研究。转录组分析可以让研究人员确定痣和黑色素瘤之间的分子差异,数字全息细胞计量术可帮助研究人员追踪人体细胞的变化。

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富含黑色素细胞痣的 miRNA 诱导人原代黑色素细胞停滞 

研究表明,黑色素细胞转化为黑色素瘤并不需要额外的突变,而实际上它们会受到环境信号的影响,细胞会从周围皮肤的环境中接收信号,这些信号会引导细胞,为其指明方向。在不同的环境中,黑色素细胞会进行不同的基因表达,环境信号告诉它们要么不受控制地分裂,要么完全停止分裂。 

黑色素瘤的起源依赖于环境信号,这为预防和治疗黑色素瘤提供了新的前景,” Judson-Torres博士说。还可以通过预防和靶向基因突变来对抗黑色素瘤。我们也可以通过改变环境来对抗黑色素瘤。

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AURKB 抑制对于 BRAFV600E 诱导的人类痣停滞至关重要

上述发现也为潜在的黑色素瘤生物标志物研发奠定了基础,可使医生能够在疾病早期检测到血液中的癌症变化。研究人员还对使用这些数据来更好地了解开发潜在的局部药物感兴趣,这些药物将围绕降低黑色素瘤风险、延迟发展或阻止复发,及早检测及早发现黑色素瘤发挥作用。

参考资料:

[1]https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/11/211123162809.htm

[2]Andrew S McNeal, Rachel LBelote, Hanlin Zeng, Marcus Urquijo, Kendra Barker, Rodrigo Torres, MeghanCurtin, A Hunter Shain, Robert HI Andtbacka, Sheri Holmen, David H Lum, TimothyH McCalmont, Matt W VanBrocklin, Douglas Grossman, Maria L Wei, Ursula E Lang,Robert L Judson-Torres. BRAFV600E induces reversible mitoticarrest in human melanocytes via microrna-mediated suppression of AURKB. eLife,2021; 10 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.70385

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    2022-07-06 膀胱癌
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    2022-05-21 sunylz
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    2022-01-02 clmlylxy
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    2021-11-30 yese
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    2021-11-30 axin014
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