2011年全球新药研发盘点
2012-01-20 MedSci MedSci原创
不知不觉,2012年到了,回首2011年,对于制药行业来说是一个“多事之秋”,行业在推出前景看好的治疗药物上似乎显得略为平淡。 Gilenya:副作用引关注 2011年4月,当诺华生产的药物Gilenya在英国上市时,成为该国市场上第一只用于治疗多发性硬化症(MS)的口服药物。 这是MS治疗领域取得的一个重大进步,预计在未来几年中,这一领域将会出现更多的竞争对手。Gilenya(fingol
不知不觉,2012年到了,回首2011年,对于制药行业来说是一个“多事之秋”,行业在推出前景看好的治疗药物上似乎显得略为平淡。
Gilenya:副作用引关注
2011年4月,当诺华生产的药物Gilenya在英国上市时,成为该国市场上第一只用于治疗多发性硬化症(MS)的口服药物。
这是MS治疗领域取得的一个重大进步,预计在未来几年中,这一领域将会出现更多的竞争对手。Gilenya(fingolimod)被用来治疗高度活跃的复发-缓解型多发性硬化症(在β干扰素注射药物治疗失败之后),但患者的病情还没有严重到足以需要输液治疗。
一名患者使用Gilenya治疗的费用每年平均为19665英镑,这其中包括患者在使用第一剂药物时的一次性观察费用502英镑。总的来说,其治疗费用要比它最接近的竞争对手——Biogen公司生产的输液治疗药物Tysabri(natalizumab)便宜。
Gilenya在临床试验阶段给人留下了深刻印象,其中一项重要研究显示,与干扰素β-1AIM相比,Gilenya使MS在1年内的复发率降低了52%。但是,它确实会引发一些常见的、潜在性严重副作用,其中包括心脏节律不规则以及肠胃炎。出于这些原因,诺华将被要求添加Gilenya的一项药物警戒。
Benlysta:将开展上市后评价
2011年3月,葛兰素史克(GSK)与人类基因组科学(HGS)公司合作研发的狼疮治疗药物Benlysta在美国获批上市,但是从长远来看,如果它想继续留在市场上销售,将必须证明其具有安全记录。
Benlysta是FDA过去50多年来批准的第一只狼疮治疗新药,由于认识到该药可能将是这一疾病治疗领域取得的一大进步,FDA在对它的审批中运用了快速通道。
Benlysta(belimumab)可被用于患自身抗体阳性的系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)成年人的治疗。狼疮是一种潜在致命性自身免疫性疾病,美国大约有30万~150万名患者,这一疾病更多地影响到女性特别是非洲裔美国妇女。
在获得优先审核资格之后,很显然,Benlysta将不得不接受进行周期更长的上市销售后研究的要求,FDA也希望得到该药物更多的安全和疗效方面的信息,并针对该药可能出现的副作用向患者发出警告。
GSK和HGS需要编制用药指导,以向患者告知与Benlysta有关的风险,并开展另外一项临床试验工作,对该药用于特定患者群的安全性和有效性作进一步评价。
Eliquis:争夺市场主导权
辉瑞和百时美施贵宝希望它们研发的口服抗凝血剂新药Eliquis(apixaban)将被证明是同类产品中最好的。
Eliquis将与拜耳的Xarelto(rivaroxaban),以及勃林格殷格翰的Pradaxa(dabigatran)争夺市场主导权,后2只药物目前已被大家广泛接受,并获得更多批准。
在欧洲,Eliquis被批准用于预防成年患者的静脉血栓栓塞(VTE),这些患者已经接受了选择性的髋关节或膝关节置换手术。
Plavix:有效预防因心血管病死亡
对赛诺菲和百时美施贵宝生产的Plavix(clopidogrel)来说,阿斯利康开发的口服抗血小板药物Brilique(ticagrelor)是一个新的更强有力的竞争对手。
阿斯利康所做的PLATO研究显示出它的优越性:对54名急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者采用Brilique而非Plavix治疗1年,可以预防1起动脉粥样硬化事件的发生,对91名患者进行治疗,可以预防1起心血管死亡事件的发生,不会增加严重出血危险。
虽然存在出血危险性,但是去年7月份,美国FDA仍批准了该药(美国市场被称为Brilinta)。预计该药的年销售额最高可达20亿美元左右。阿斯利康准备开始为进一步的研究招募患者,这项针对Brilique的新研究面向的是过去1~3年中有1次心脏病发作的患者。
Victrelis&Incivek:两种新药上市
2011年,制药行业给丙型肝炎患者带来了2只突破性新药。
去年5月,默沙东开发的Victrelis(boceprevir)和强生/Vertex公司开发的Incivek(telaprevir)在美国市场同时上市。
这2只药物都是口服蛋白酶抑制剂,当加入到现有的标准治疗药物中时,它们有望大大改善丙型肝炎的治疗状况。目前,全世界大约有2.7亿~3亿人患有丙型肝炎。
有分析人士预测,Incivek将占据上风,因为它显示出更高的治愈率,并且给药方式快捷简单。但是,由于Vertex公司此前从来没有向市场上推出过药物,在美国市场上,它将必须面对来自默沙东及其新的美国营销合作伙伴罗氏公司的强大竞争。
Vertex对其产品优越性的信心体现在价格上,使用该药一个疗程即12周,费用为49200美元。这一费用比Victrelis高得多,它相当于使用Victrelis整个疗程48周的费用。
Incivek已经有了最好的开端,去年5~10月,该药实现销售额4.2亿美元,而同一时期,Victrelis的销售额仅为3100万美元。
Zytiga:延长患者生存期
2011年5月,FDA批准了新药Zytiga,该药被用于治疗最难治疗的前列腺癌病例。Zytiga由强生子公司CentocorOrthoBiotech销售,与现有治疗药物相比,它已经显示出可以帮助晚期前列腺癌男子延长生命的优势。
这种口服药物与强的松结合在一起,供转移性前列腺癌患者使用,且这些患者此前已在用化疗药物(包括多烯紫衫醇)进行治疗。
分析人士预测,Zytiga的销售峰值将达到8亿~10亿美元,它将与新近进入前列腺癌治疗市场的另一只新药——赛诺菲生产的Jevtana展开竞争。Jevtana是一种传统化疗制剂,而Zytiga是一种口服治疗药物,这应该会给它带来优势。
Zytiga通过抑制雄性激素发挥治疗作用,雄性激素会帮助促进肿瘤生长。该药则是一种口服雄性激素生物合成抑制剂,可以抑制CYP17酶复合体,这种酶可以刺激睾丸、肾上腺和肿瘤组织生成雄性激素。
试验表明,与“安慰剂+强的松”相比,将Zytiga与强的松结合在一起使用可以让患者的死亡危险性降低35%,中位生存期延长3.9个月。在最新的一项分析中,研究结果与中期分析大致相同,使用Zytiga的患者中位生存期延长了4.6个月。
Yervoy:瞄准最致命病症
用于治疗晚期黑素瘤的新药Yervoy已被誉为治疗这种致命疾病的重大突破。
去年3月,由百时美-施贵宝开发的这只新药获得FDA批准,随后该药于去年7月获得欧洲监管部门的批准。Yervoy是第一只可以延长患者总生存期的治疗药物,但是它也可能会产生非常严重的副作用。由于研究发现接受Yervoy治疗的患者中有13%出现了严重的自身免疫反应,FDA已经针对该药发出了“黑框”警告。这些副作用包括结肠炎、肝炎、皮炎(其中包括毒性表皮溶解症)、神经变性病和内分泌失调。Yervoy(ipilimumab)已经被批准为晚期、无法手术的或转移性黑素瘤的一线和二线治疗药物,这是一种最致命和发展最迅速的皮肤癌。
分析人士预测,Yervoy的销售额到2015年将达到8.2亿~17亿美元。美国作出批准决定是基于该药的III期试验结果,在试验中,Yervoy可以让患者的中位总生存期(这是开展肿瘤学试验的一个黄金标准)延长10个月,而使用一种实验性癌症疫苗GP-100时,生存期仅延长6个月。
每3个星期,患者接受一次Yervoy注射,时间长达90分钟,整个疗程需要注射4次,费用为12万美元。Yervoy将成为美国市场上价格最昂贵的药物之一。分析人士预测它每年的销售峰值将达到约14亿美元。
罗氏开发的Zelboraf(vemurafenib)被用来治疗BRAF呈阳性的黑素瘤,该药于去年8月获批。通过攻击BRAF阳性变异,Zelboraf可以治疗大约一半的晚期黑素瘤患者,预计该药年销售峰值将达到约8亿美元。
下表为2011年FDA批准的35种新药汇总
I. Priority Drugs
Drug Name | Approval Date | Indication | Orphan Drug | Approved first in US |
PDUFA date met |
Approved on 1st cycle | Sponsor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin) | 8/19/11 | For treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma and ALCL (systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma). | X | X | X | X | Seattle Genetics Bothell, WA |
Anascorp (Centruroides [Scorpion] Immune F(ab’)2 [Equine]) | 8/3/11 | For treatment of clinical signs of scorpion envenomation. | X | X | Rare Disease Therapeutics, Inc., Franklin,TN | ||
Benlysta (belimumab) | 3/9/11 | To treat patients with active, autoantibody-positive lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus) who are receiving standard therapy, including corticosteroids, antimalarials, immunosuppressives, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. | X | X | X | Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, MD co-marketed with GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA | |
Caprelsa (vandetanib) |
4/6/11 | To treat adult patients with metastatic (late-stage ) medullary thyroid cancer who are ineligible for surgery and who have disease that is growing or causing symptoms. | X | X | X | X | AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE |
Corifact (Factor XIII Concentrate [Human]) |
2/17/11 | For routine prophylactic treatment of congenital Factor XIII deficiency. | X | X | X | CSL Bhering GmbH, King of Prussia, PA | |
DaTscan (ioflupane i-123) |
1/14/11 | For brain imaging to assist in the evaluation of adult patients with suspected Parkinsonian Syndrome. | X | GE Healthcare, Inc., Princeton, NJ | |||
Dificid (fidaxomicin) | 5/27/11 | For treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). | X | X | X | Optimer Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA | |
Firazyr (icatibant) | 8/25/11 | For treatment of acute attacks of a rare condition called hereditary angioedema (HAE) in people ages 18 years and older. | X | X | Shire Human Genetic Therapies Inc., Cambridge, MA | ||
Halaven (eribulin mesylate |
11/15/10 | For treatment of patients with metastatic (late-stage) breast cancer who have previously received at least two chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of metastatic disease | X | X | X | Eisai, Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ | |
Incivek (telaprevir) | 5/23/11 | For treatment of certain adults with chronic hepatitis C infection. | X | X | X | Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA | |
Pradaxa (dabigatran etexilate) |
10/19/10 | To reduce the risk of stroke and blood clots in patients with abnormal heart rhythms (non-valvular atrial fibrillation). | X | X | Boehringer Ingelheim Pharm, Inc, Ridgefield, CT | ||
Victrelis (boceprevir) | 5/13/11 | To treat certain adults with chronic hepatitis C infection. | X | X | X | Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ | |
Xalkori (crizotinib) and companion genetic test | 8/26/11 | To treat certain patients with late stage (locally advanced or metastatic), non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) who express the abnormal anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. | X | X | X | X | Xalkori is marketed by Pfizer, New York, NY, and the Vysis ALK Break Apart FISH Probe Kit is marketed by Abbott Molecular Inc. of Des Plaines, IL. |
Yervoy (ipilimumab) | 3/25/11 | To treat patients with metastatic melanoma (late-stage skin cancer). | X | X | X | X | Bristol-Meyers Squibb, New York, NY |
Zelboraf (vemuranfenib) with companion diagnostic | 8/17/11 | To treat patients with metastatic (late-stage) or unresected (cannot be removed by surgery) melanoma (skin cancer) in patients whose tumors express a gene mutation called BRAF V600E. | X | X | X | X | Zelboraf is marketed by Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA. The cobas 4800 BRAF V600 Mutation Test is manufactured by Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA |
Zytiga (albiraterone acetate) | 4/28/11 | To use In combination with prednisone (a steroid), to treat patients with metastatic (late-stage) castration-resistant prostate cancer who have received prior docetaxel (chemotherapy). | X | X | X | Centocor Ortho Biotech, Inc., Horsham, PA |
II. Standard Drugs
Drug Name | Approval Date | Indication | Orphan Drug | Approved first in US |
PDUFA date met | Approved on 1st cycle | Sponsor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arcapta Neohaler (indacaterol inhalation powder) | 7/1/11 | For long term, once-daily maintenance bronchodilator treatment of airflow obstruction in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) including chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. | X | Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, NJ | |||
Ardovax (Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine, Live, Oral) | 3/16/11 | For active immunization for the prevention of febrile acute respiratory disease caused by Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7. Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine, Live, Oral is approved for use in military populations 17 through 50 years of age. | X | X | Teva Women’s Health, Inc., Horsham, PA | ||
Brilinta (ticagrelor) | 7/20/11 | To reduce cardiovascular death and heart attack in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). | X | AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE | |||
Daliresp (roflumilast) | 2/28/11 | To decrease the frequency of flare-ups (exacerbations) or worsening of symptoms from severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | X | Forest Pharmaceuticals St. Louis, MO | |||
Edarbi (azilsartan medoxomil) | 2/25/11 | For treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) in adults. | X | X | X | Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America Deerfield, IL | |
Edurant (rilpivirine) | 5/20/11 | For treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults who have never taken HIV therapy. | X | X | X | Tibotec Therapeutics, a division of Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc., Raritan, NJ | |
Egrifta (tesamorelin acetate) |
11/10/10 | For reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy. | X | X | Theratechnologies Inc., Montreal, Canada Marketed in US by EMD Serono, Inc., Rockland, MA | ||
Gadavist (gadobutrol) |
3/14/11 | Contrast agent to help detect lesions in patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the central nervous system | X | X | Bayer Pharmaceuticals Wayne, NJ | ||
Horizant (gabapentin enacarbil) | 4/6/11 | For once-daily treatment for moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome (RLS). | X | X | GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC and Xenoport, Santa Clara, CA | ||
Latuda (lurasidone hydrochloride) |
10/28/10 | For treatment of schizophrenia in adults. | X | X | X | Sunovian Pharm, Inc Fort Lee, NJ | |
LaViv (Azficel-T) | 6/21/11 | For improvement of the appearance of moderate to severe nasolabial fold wrinkles in adults. | X | X | Fibrocell Technologies, Inc., Exton, PA | ||
Natroba (spinosad) | 1/18/11 | For treatment of head lice infestation in patients ages 4 years and older. | X | X | ParaPRO, LLC, Carmel, IN | ||
Nulojix (belatacept) | 6/15/11 | To prevent organ rejection in adult patients who have had a kidney transplant, in combination with other immunosuppressants. | X | X | X | Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Princeton, NJ | |
Potiga (ezogabine) | 6/10/11 | For use as an add-on medication to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults. | X | Developed by Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America, Durham, NC Marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC. | |||
Spherusol (Coccidioides immitis Spherule-Derived Skin Test Antigen) | 7/29/11 | For detection of delayed type hypersensitivity to C. immitis in individuals, 18-64 years of age, with a history of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. | X | X | X | Allermed Laboratories, Inc., San Diego, CA | |
Teflaro (ceftaroline fosamil) | 10/29/10 | For treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and community acquired bacterial pneumonia. | X | X | X | Cerexa, Inc., Oakland, CA | |
Tradjenta (linagliptin) | 5/2/11 | For use as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic (blood sugar) control in adults with type 2 diabetes. | X | X | X | Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT and Eli Lilly Co., Indianapolis, IN | |
Viibryd (vilazodone hydrochloride) | 1/21/11 | For treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. | X | X | X | PGxHealth, New Haven, CT | |
Xarelto (rivaroxaban) | 7/1/11 | To reduce the risk of blood clots, deep vein thrombosis(DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE) following knee or hip replacement surgery. | X | Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a member of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Raritan, NJ. |
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