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PNAS:赶超“重编程”?从T细胞到神经元的“一步式”过程

2018-06-10 艾曼 生物探索

通常,将一种成熟的体细胞转变成另一种无论在形态、功能上都截然不同的另一种体细胞,需要经历将细胞重编程返回多能状态的步骤。现在,斯坦福大学医学院的科学家们找到一种方法,可以直接实现细胞的转变,绕开了诱导性多能干细胞的繁琐过程。

通常,将一种成熟的体细胞转变成另一种无论在形态、功能上都截然不同的另一种体细胞,需要经历将细胞重编程返回多能状态的步骤。现在,斯坦福大学医学院的科学家们找到一种方法,可以直接实现细胞的转变,绕开了诱导性多能干细胞的繁琐过程。


图片来源:CC0 Public Domain

6月4日,PNAS期刊一篇题为“Transdifferentiation of human adult peripheral blood T cells into neurons”的文章揭示了这一发现——科学家们成功将血液中的免疫细胞直接转化成有功能的神经元。

这一戏剧性的转变并不需要细胞经历多能化(pluripotency)的状态,而是采用了更直接的方式——转分化(transdifferentiation)。

这种转化方式具有相对较高的效率——1毫升血液可生成多达5万个神经元——无论是新鲜还是先前冷冻存储的血液样本,都可以实现这一转变。研究人员认为,这一策略极大地增加了对神经类疾病(例如精神分裂症、自闭症)研究的机会。

“血液是最容易获取的生物样本之一。” 斯坦福大学干细胞生物学和再生医学研究所的病理学副教授Marius Wernig博士表示,“几乎所有在医院就诊的患者都会留下血样,这些血样通常会被冷冻并储存起来以备将来的研究。”

01.转分化技术

基于诱导性多能干细胞构建的人类细胞模型已经被证实是研究疾病机制的有力“源泉”,但是对于基因复杂的神经类疾病而言,需要纳入数以百计的个体,以确定数十种或者更多疾病相关突变的影响。“从大量的患者中获取诱导性多能干细胞需要复杂的重编程过程,且成本高昂,此外,获取皮肤细胞是一个侵入性的过程。” Wernig解释道。

转分化技术最初是由Wernig团队于2010年开发出来的,他们成功将小鼠的皮肤细胞转分化成神经元,避免了先要把成熟细胞诱导成多能干细胞的步骤。

虽然直接将皮肤细胞转化为神经元是可能的,但是皮肤细胞首先需要在实验室培养一段时间,直至它们的数量增加。这一过程很可能会导致基因突变,而且最初的细胞并不存在这些突变。研究人员想知道:是否有一种更简单、有效的生成患者特有神经元的方法?

02.新研究

在最新的研究中,Wernig团队“锁定”了在血液中循环的T细胞(负责识别、消灭入侵源和癌变细胞)。神经细胞是一种长而细的细胞,负责传递电信号。虽然这两类细胞在形状、位置以及生物学使命上大不相同,但是研究人员意外发现,它们之间可以快速转变——在短短几天内,他们就可以简单地将T细胞转变成功能神经元,且不需要细胞扩增。

尽管由此而产生的人类神经元并不完美,缺乏形成成熟突触或者连接的能力,但是它们具备主要的基本功能。下一步,Wernig团队希望能够进一步优化这一技术,同时他们开始收集自闭症儿童的血液样本。“几十年来,我们几乎没有关于自闭症起源或治疗的有效线索。现在,我们终于能够开始回答一些问题了。” Wernig畅想道。

原始出处:Koji Tanabe, Cheen Euong Ang, Soham Chanda, et al. Transdifferentiation of human adult peripheral blood T cells into neurons. PNAS June 4, 2018. 

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    2019-02-17 drwjr
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1856176, encodeId=c8b818561e64c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Sun Feb 17 17:41:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323231, encodeId=169a32323156, content=学习学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 07:12:50 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323140, encodeId=8e7132314013, content=不错的文章值得学习到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04f22055142, createdName=131****2916, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:34:56 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323135, encodeId=dc8132313585, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:22:02 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323126, encodeId=7e84323126d1, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=130, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:06:04 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-11 kafei

    学习学习谢谢分享

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1856176, encodeId=c8b818561e64c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Sun Feb 17 17:41:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323231, encodeId=169a32323156, content=学习学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 07:12:50 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323140, encodeId=8e7132314013, content=不错的文章值得学习到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04f22055142, createdName=131****2916, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:34:56 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323135, encodeId=dc8132313585, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:22:02 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323126, encodeId=7e84323126d1, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=130, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:06:04 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-10 131****2916

    不错的文章值得学习到了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1856176, encodeId=c8b818561e64c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Sun Feb 17 17:41:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323231, encodeId=169a32323156, content=学习学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 07:12:50 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323140, encodeId=8e7132314013, content=不错的文章值得学习到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04f22055142, createdName=131****2916, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:34:56 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323135, encodeId=dc8132313585, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:22:02 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323126, encodeId=7e84323126d1, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=130, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:06:04 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-10 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得拥有哦!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1856176, encodeId=c8b818561e64c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Sun Feb 17 17:41:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323231, encodeId=169a32323156, content=学习学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 07:12:50 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323140, encodeId=8e7132314013, content=不错的文章值得学习到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04f22055142, createdName=131****2916, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:34:56 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323135, encodeId=dc8132313585, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:22:02 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323126, encodeId=7e84323126d1, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=130, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 22:06:04 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-10 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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