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Cell stem Cell:华人学者带来“吃不胖”的基因疗法,有望治疗糖尿病

2017-08-04 佚名 学术经纬

近日,在顶尖学术刊物《细胞》的子刊《Cell Stem Cell》中,来自芝加哥大学的Xiaoyang Wu教授团队发表了他们的一项新发现——将干细胞技术、CRISPR基因编辑技术、与皮肤移植技术相结合,一款基因疗法有望对肥胖症与2型糖尿病这两种常见疾病进行治疗。

基因疗法是近年来的热门话题。随着我们对人类基因组的认识不断加深,越来越多的科学家想要通过改造基因,治疗疾病。


▲该研究的主要负责人Xiaoyang Wu教授(图片来源:芝加哥大学)

近日,在顶尖学术刊物《细胞》的子刊《Cell Stem Cell》中,来自芝加哥大学的Xiaoyang Wu教授团队发表了他们的一项新发现——将干细胞技术、CRISPR基因编辑技术、与皮肤移植技术相结合,一款基因疗法有望对肥胖症与2型糖尿病这两种常见疾病进行治疗。

自上世纪70年代以来,科学家们就学会了如何从烧伤患者身上分离出皮肤干细胞,在实验室中进行培育,并移植到患者的烧伤部位,进行治疗。这给Wu教授的团队带来了启示。如果我们在这些皮肤细胞中引入能治病的基因,是否就能把皮肤改造成人体的药厂,随时生产能治疗疾病的药物呢?


▲科学家们想在皮肤里引入能治病的基因(图片来源:《Cell Stem Cell》)

研究人员决定以小鼠糖尿病为模型检验这个想法。选择糖尿病有几个原因。首先,它的病理与皮肤无关,因此不大可能受皮肤移植的影响。其次,我们知道,用一些简单的蛋白质,就能对糖尿病进行治疗,这便于基因疗法的开发。

使用CRISPR基因编辑手段,这支团队改造了编码胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP1)的基因,引入了一个能显着提高其半衰期的突变。随后,他们将这条基因接在了一个抗体基因片段上,并在前头安上了一个受多西环素(doxycycline)诱导的启动子。按照他们的设计,如果这个基因片段能正常工作,那么在多西环素的诱导下,基因会进行表达,产生与抗体片段相融合的GLP1。在抗体片段的作用下,它能随着血流进行循环,促进胰岛素的分泌,从而起到控制糖尿病的作用。


▲这款基因疗法的设计示意图(图片来源:《Cell Stem Cell》)

这个实验的设计看起来很完美,但实际操作是困难重重。由于条件所限,这项实验只能先在小鼠中进行,而小鼠的皮肤移植体系极不成熟。在小鼠的免疫系统不受影响的前提下,几乎没有一例成功的皮肤移植案例。这款基因疗法,能如预想般顺畅运行吗?

为了攻克这一难题,研究人员使用了这几年新兴的“类器官”技术。他们将基因引入到小鼠的皮肤细胞后,让这些细胞在培养基上生长。在多年的摸索下,研究人员终于找到了一个能让细胞开始分层的特定环境。在这个环境的诱导下,这些原本杂乱无章的细胞变成了具有多层结构的“皮肤类器官”。它虽然和正常皮肤有着差异,但生理性质已非常接近。


▲皮肤“类器官”的产生,是该研究中的一大亮点(图片来源:《Cell Stem Cell》)

随后,研究人员把这些皮肤移植到了小鼠身上,并紧张地等待着小鼠的反应。令人欣慰的是,大部分小鼠没有出现显着的排斥反应。考虑到这些小鼠的免疫功能依旧保持完整,这个结果堪称突破。这也是我们首次证实,经过改造的皮肤移植物,在免疫功能完整的野生型小鼠上能长期存活。

“我们皮肤移植的成功率要超过80%,这非常令人兴奋。”Wu教授说。

移植上的皮肤细胞虽然活了下来,但这并不代表依存于皮肤细胞的基因疗法能够起效。随后,研究人员继续进行实验,试图了解他们插入的基因能否起作用。

在对照实验中,研究人员给皮肤里内嵌有基因疗法系统(但未经诱导)的小鼠,以及野生型小鼠都喂食了高脂肪的食物。两组小鼠的体重都上升明显。这表明皮肤的移植,不会影响小鼠的正常发育生长。

随后,研究人员们在高脂肪的食物里添加了诱导剂,观察小鼠们的反应。野生型小鼠和之前表现得一样,很快就胖成了气球。而皮肤里内嵌有基因疗法系统的小鼠,在诱导剂的作用下,体内的GLP1水平显着上升,这也让血液里的胰岛素水平上升,有效控制了血糖。于是,这些小鼠怎么吃也吃不胖。


▲在诱导剂的作用下,接受基因疗法的小鼠(左)并没有吃胖(图片来源:《Cell Stem Cell》)

“综合来看,我们的数据表明,基于皮肤的基因疗法能有效诱导GLP1的表达,用于治疗和预防由饮食引起的肥胖症和其他疾病。”研究人员写道。因此,他们相信这款基因疗法有望在未来应用于临床

“我们突破了技术上的瓶颈,设计了一种小鼠与小鼠之间的皮肤移植模型。这些动物的免疫系统都保持着完整。我们认为这个平台有潜力带来安全持久的基因疗法。我们期待它有朝一日能应用于人体,” Wu教授说:“它能被用来递送具有疗效的蛋白,替代具有遗传缺陷的蛋白,或是移除各种毒素。”

原始出处:Jiping Yue, Xuewen Gou, Yuanyuan Li, et al. Engineered Epidermal Progenitor Cells Can Correct Diet-Induced Obesity and Diabetes.Cell Stem Cell(2017).

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    2017-09-01 维他命
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    2017-08-04 Julie W

    近日,在顶尖学术刊物《细胞》的子刊《Cell Stem Cell》中,来自芝加哥大学的Xiaoyang Wu教授团队发表了他们的一项新发现——将干细胞技术、CRISPR基因编辑技术、与皮肤移植技术相结合,一款基因疗法有望对肥胖症与2型糖尿病这两种常见疾病进行治疗。

    0

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    2017-08-04 明月清辉

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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