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取代死亡的感光细胞,仿生视觉系统让盲人重获光明

2014-07-10 苏珊·杨 Tech Review

伊莱亚斯·康斯坦托普洛斯(Elias Konstantopoulos)如果不打开自己的视网膜假体Argus II的话,每天只有4小时可以模糊地看到这个世界。这位74岁的马里兰居民在30多年前就因为进行性视网膜疾病丧失了视力。 “我能看见你站在我眼前,也能看见你离开”,他说。“如果系统打开的话,在面对一棵大树的时候我也能看见些许阴影。而如果外面很亮的话,我向左看和向右看



伊莱亚斯·康斯坦托普洛斯(Elias Konstantopoulos)如果不打开自己的视网膜假体Argus II的话,每天只有4小时可以模糊地看到这个世界。这位74岁的马里兰居民在30多年前就因为进行性视网膜疾病丧失了视力。

“我能看见你站在我眼前,也能看见你离开”,他说。“如果系统打开的话,在面对一棵大树的时候我也能看见些许阴影。而如果外面很亮的话,我向左看和向右看能看到不同的阴影,让我知道左边和右边都有东西,但我完全没办法知道这些东西是什么,”康斯坦托普洛斯说。

康斯坦托普洛斯的眼镜上装着一台摄像头,可以帮他获得拍摄图像的数据:这些数据在经眼镜带上的小型计算机处理后被发送到60个电极组成的神经元刺激阵列。这些电极在2009年被植入康斯坦托普洛斯的视网膜里。

全世界有将近70人接受了这一耗时3小时,让视网膜接受植入物的手术。这项手术由加州的Second Sight公司发明,并于2011年被批准在欧洲使用,今年早些时候获准在美国使用。这是恢复视力的植入物首次面向病人销售。

视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa)是一种眼部退行性疾病,世界上每5000个人中就有一个人饱受此病困扰。目前,整个系统只被批准用于视网膜色素变性患者。但是,Argus II和其他研发中的人工视网膜也有可能应用于老年黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration)。在发展中国家每2000人中就有一人受此病影响。在得了这些眼病后,病人眼中的感光细胞(通常名为视杆细胞和视锥细胞)死亡,但是剩下的向脑部传输视觉信息的神经通路通常却仍然可以工作。人工视网膜依赖这些剩余的神经环路,所以不能帮助所有的眼盲患者。


图为Second Sight公司开发的Argus II

全世界有很多研究组都在研究仿生视觉系统,用来取代死亡的感光细胞。大部分研究组都在用摄像头向植入人体的芯片发送信号,虽然不同研究团队的芯片电极数量和芯片在视网膜上的植入深度有所不同。不过,也有研究组不使用摄像头,而使用芯片上的光敏二极管。

例如,由德国Retina Implant公司发明的1500像素植入体就不需要摄像头,而是直接接受光线,并把数据传输到仍然存活的神经元那里。一列光电二极管可以取代感光细胞。

某些植入了人工视网膜的人可以阅读大字号字母,看见缓慢移动的汽车,或是辨别出餐具。其他病人则没有从人工视网膜那里获得好处。疗效的差距有时要归因于神经元刺激阵列在厚度与面纸相仿的视网膜中的准确位置,以及病人眼中仍然存活的神经元和神经通路的状态。病人是否能学会使用设备,重新训练他们的大脑也很重要。

“病人会扫描周围的环境,用他们的记忆重建他们见到的东西,”雷蒙德·耶齐(Raymond Lezzi)说,他是明尼苏达州罗彻斯特市梅约医疗中心(Mayo Clinic)负责视网膜手术的临床科学家。他把这种扫描策略比作用画笔慢慢作画的过程。“病人必须填补空白,这样才能把视觉输入和物体概念联系在一起。这需要出色的认知能力,”耶齐说。

目前最好的人工视觉系统仍然非常像素化。病人看到的是名为视幻觉(phosphene)的一簇光。“这不是自然的视觉,”耶齐说。Second Sight公司表示Argus II的敏锐度是20/1260,Retina Implant公司则表示自己设备的最佳视觉敏锐度是20/1000。作为比较,正常的视觉是20/20,而美国眼盲的法律标准是20/200(即一个人可以在20英尺外看到正常人距离200英尺就能看见的物体)。

“它不能像你我想象的那样恢复视觉,但它可以恢复行动的能力,”美国抗盲基金会(Foundation Fighting Blindness)的首席研究官史蒂芬·罗斯(Stephen Rose)说。“它能提供对比,这样使用者就可以分辨出某个地点的明处和暗处,知道如何走过一扇门。”他说。“现在还是非常早期的阶段。”

“视网膜假体所处的阶段和人工耳蜗30年前所处的阶段相同,”澳大利亚仿生视觉(Bionic Vision Australia)主任博基特安东尼·博基特(Anthony Burkitt)说。澳大利亚仿生视觉是一群研发视网膜植入系统的研究者组成的联合会。“人工耳蜗技术曾经只是唇语阅读的辅助工具,但现在植入人工耳蜗的孩子已经可以正常上学,甚至还能使用移动电话,”博基特说。“我们现在知道视网膜植入体可以从临床治疗上让病人受益,而且我还认为我们将在下一个十年见证这项技术的飞速发展。”

专家们同意,改进视网膜植入体系统视觉的一种方法是加入更多的刺激电极。例如Second Sight公司正计划在未来的模型中把电极数从60个提升到240个。

但是视觉识别和其他精细的视觉任务需要数千个像素,而很多人工视网膜技术很难获得数目如此巨大的像素,因为这些像素需要依赖电线,斯坦福大学的生物物理学家丹尼尔·帕兰克(Daniel Palanker)说。电线的作用是连接电极和电源,只有外科手术才能设置好穿过眼球的电线连接。为了突破这个限制,帕兰克和他的同事正在研发一种无线系统,可以把视频摄像头拍下的图片数据传输到眼睛中的光伏芯片中。

但即使是几千像素也远远不如一百万像素,“我们的眼睛大约就有一百万像素,”电子工程师肖恩·凯利(Shawn Kelly)表示。他在匹兹堡的卡耐基梅隆大学工作。“而且即使达到了一百万像素,人工视网膜仍然会忽略很多天然视网膜的信息处理过程。”

当感光细胞探测到光线的时候,它们会把光信息转化为化学信号。这些化学信号可以刺激那些处理运动、颜色和其他细节的神经元类型,最后视觉信息会被传递到与脑部相连的视神经里。人工视网膜会因刺激阵列的位置差异忽略一个或多个信息处理层。

“我们与这种神经系统的接口方式是功能性的,和人类天然的系统不同,”凯利说。“我认为要找到更好的人工视觉还需要很久,而且人工的视觉方式永远不会与人类天生的方式完全相同。”
不过,大脑的适应性非常强,可以学会如何处理外部信息。“我们指望着大脑的可塑性可以重新学习新的刺激语言并产生合理的视觉,”帕兰克说。“人工耳蜗的研究让让这种设想变得可行。”

植入了人工视网膜的人的确可以慢慢获得更好的视觉。55岁的英格兰诺丁汉人蒂姆·雷迪什(Tim Reddish)因为视网膜色素变性失去了视力。他在去年10月被植入Retina Implant公司的设备。在之后的时间里,他恢复的程度让人印象深刻。他预计自己的视觉能力还会继续进步。在实验室条件下,作为残奥会游泳金牌得主的雷迪什表示自己已经可以辨认出道具和玻璃制品,甚至还能用高对比度的钟看时间。他说,在室外他能感觉到撞着玻璃门的建筑群,也能在晚上感觉到缓慢前行汽车的车前灯。他希望随着夏天的到来,英国明亮的阳光和持续的联系能帮助他看到更多的东西。

人工视觉设备面对的挑战不仅仅只有视觉敏锐度。坚硬的硅基芯片需要被置入极度脆弱的组织之中,而这些组织是充满液体并且保持转动的眼球的一部分。芯片可以从正确位置中滑出。此外,植入设备还需要在严酷的体内环境中运行好几年,还不能伤害它们的使用者。“我们将不会知道这些设备的长期安全性,”罗斯说。

尽管很多研发人工视网膜的科研人员以模拟天然视觉作为目标,但也有人正考虑范围更大的光学世界。“一些摄像头使用的光波长是人类看不见的,所以你有可能让盲人[通过Second Sight的系统]看见别人看不见的东西,”Second Sight公司的商业拓展副总裁布赖恩·梅奇(Brian Mech)说。公司还在研究另一种方法:不刺激视网膜,转而直接刺激视觉皮层,后者是脑部处理图像的区域。“我们实质上可以治疗因任何原因导致的眼盲,而不再仅能治疗那些外部视网膜的退行性病变,”梅奇说。

与此同时,研究人员将会继续改进系统,试图让失去视力的人得到更好的恢复。像康斯坦托普洛斯这样的病人也热切地希望他们获得进展。“即使我只能看见身前的阴影,无论那是一个人还是其他什么东西,也比看不见要强,”康斯坦托普洛斯说。“它让你感到,并且盼望更好的东西很快就要到来。”


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    2015-01-29 undermysky

    期待

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    2014-07-30 sweetai

    仿生视觉是盲人的希望

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=14865, encodeId=fac114865c6, content=期待, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c5851613221, createdName=undermysky, createdTime=Thu Jan 29 22:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1717450, encodeId=30991e174502c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=29ffe24064c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#盲人#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72406, encryptionId=29ffe24064c, topicName=盲人)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bf2532414379, createdName=anminleiryan, createdTime=Wed Nov 12 15:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=10753, encodeId=6b0a10e53f2, content=仿生视觉是盲人的希望, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=191, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2bc892015, createdName=sweetai, createdTime=Wed Jul 30 22:23:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1814759, encodeId=63771814e59f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc4c96052ae' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重获光明#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96052, encryptionId=bc4c96052ae, topicName=重获光明)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=295c372, createdName=chaojitidian, createdTime=Sun Nov 02 13:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1481050, encodeId=62e2148105094, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c592908329c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视觉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90832, encryptionId=c592908329c, topicName=视觉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=adcf7732830, createdName=zywlvao, createdTime=Sat Jul 12 06:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601561, encodeId=1b5a160156181, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a4653256e4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感光细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53256, encryptionId=8a4653256e4, topicName=感光细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3fd018877082, createdName=steven_u8, createdTime=Sat Jul 12 06:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-07-12 zywlvao
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=14865, encodeId=fac114865c6, content=期待, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c5851613221, createdName=undermysky, createdTime=Thu Jan 29 22:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1717450, encodeId=30991e174502c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=29ffe24064c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#盲人#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72406, encryptionId=29ffe24064c, topicName=盲人)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bf2532414379, createdName=anminleiryan, createdTime=Wed Nov 12 15:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=10753, encodeId=6b0a10e53f2, content=仿生视觉是盲人的希望, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=191, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2bc892015, createdName=sweetai, createdTime=Wed Jul 30 22:23:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1814759, encodeId=63771814e59f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc4c96052ae' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重获光明#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96052, encryptionId=bc4c96052ae, topicName=重获光明)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=295c372, createdName=chaojitidian, createdTime=Sun Nov 02 13:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1481050, encodeId=62e2148105094, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c592908329c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视觉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90832, encryptionId=c592908329c, topicName=视觉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=adcf7732830, createdName=zywlvao, createdTime=Sat Jul 12 06:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601561, encodeId=1b5a160156181, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a4653256e4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感光细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53256, encryptionId=8a4653256e4, topicName=感光细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3fd018877082, createdName=steven_u8, createdTime=Sat Jul 12 06:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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