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上海胸科医院进行PD-1单抗nivolumab在肺癌中三期临床试验

2015-11-09 研发客 研发客

“最近,一个病人在香港使用PD-1单抗以后,病情有了一些变化。原来不能起身现在能下地行走了。”这是上海胸科医院肺部肿瘤临床医学中心主任陆舜对他其中一个患者病情的简单介绍。当这样的情形发生在一个晚期肺癌病人身上时,多少令人有些惊叹。因为如果患者继续接受传统的放化疗治疗,到这个阶段基本上病情好转的希望已经渺茫。陆舜看了很多国外临床试验的资料后,他觉得这个病人病情的好转肯定不是一个偶然。“肿瘤免疫疗法已

“最近,一个病人在香港使用PD-1单抗以后,病情有了一些变化。原来不能起身现在能下地行走了。”这是上海胸科医院肺部肿瘤临床医学中心主任陆舜对他其中一个患者病情的简单介绍。当这样的情形发生在一个晚期肺癌病人身上时,多少令人有些惊叹。因为如果患者继续接受传统的放化疗治疗,到这个阶段基本上病情好转的希望已经渺茫。

陆舜看了很多国外临床试验的资料后,他觉得这个病人病情的好转肯定不是一个偶然。“肿瘤免疫疗法已开始在肿瘤治疗领域大展身手了。”陆舜说。

来自上海市疾病预防控制中心的统计显示,该市女性肺癌病人5年生存率与美国国家层面数据差距不大,而男性病人还要略低。这是中国最发达城市和美国总体情况比较的数据,陆舜认为,从这个数据看,国内治疗还有很大上升空间,肿瘤免疫治疗药物对于改善国内肺癌患者的生存率有很大帮助。

迈过5年生存期的坎


作为国内肺癌治疗领域的专家,陆舜一直在探索新的肺癌治疗方法。他参与了863重大课题“肺癌的分子分型和个体化诊疗”研究项目,对药物的作用机制了解得非常透彻。陆舜说:“PD1/PD-L1就像一把锁和一把钥匙,对上号了,门就开了。肿瘤细胞的PD-L1和淋巴细胞的PD-1受体一旦特异性结合,肿瘤细胞就逃过免疫细胞的监查,如果把这个关系打断,那就是一个特异性的细胞免疫治疗。”

回顾特异性免疫治疗的历史,最早能追溯到1996年Toll-like受体发现,以及后来与该受体相关的预防HPV感染宫颈癌疫苗。随后一个重大进展,即2011年美国FDA批准百时美施贵宝的ipilimumab单抗(商品名Yervoy),作用于CTLA-4受体,主要治疗晚期黑色素瘤。今年批准的nivolumab单抗(商品名Opdivo)令陆舜有些激动,因为该药的适应症包含了他最经常接触的疾病——肺癌。

在今年SDDA(中国药物研发协会)的年会上,陆舜在谈肺癌的靶向治疗时提到,靶向药物令肺癌患者的平均生存期接近4年。“一种疾病,如果患者的平均生存期能够达到5年,那就是一个慢性疾病。”他觉得5年会是肺癌治疗即将迈过去的一个坎。

由于肿瘤免疫疗法药物在中国还没有获批,国内研究者无法从病人身上看到确切的数据。但美国有小样本的证据显示,在一组靶向药物和肿瘤免疫药物合用的患者中,中位生存期已达到49点几个月,距离5年的生存率已非常接近。这组病人都是在靶向药物治疗失败后开始进行免疫治疗的。

日前《新英格兰医学杂志》发表一组头对头试验的数据,比较了nivolumab单抗和标准的多西他赛化疗,入组的都是接受含铂两药化疗方案失败后的患者。研究在进行到一半的时候,美国FDA就叫停,认为不需要做下去了,并不是因为出现不良反应,而是已看出了单抗的效果明显优于化疗。从客观缓解率的数据看,化疗组是9%,而单抗组是翻倍的20%。生存也从6个月提高到9个月,差不多提高了50%。

目标治疗人群如何区分

肿瘤免疫治疗药物的应用未来在哪里?哪些人能从免疫治疗中获益?这是陆舜一直在研究的问题。“现在差不多10个人中有2~3个人可以获益。但我们不太清楚,为什么对这个人有效,那个人没效,所以不少学者在研究能够预测有效病人的预测因子。”

从过往经验知道,突变总数越多的细胞免疫原性越强,细胞越突变越容易更正,所以研究人员推测PD-L1表达数量多的这一部分病人更容易从免疫治疗当中获益。

目前国际上已开始用这个指标做预测指标。罗氏公司曾做过试验,发现相关药物在PD-L1表达越多的病人身上使用,病人获益会更大,这个临床试验或许能证明两者之间存在关系。美国也在探索基因突变数和免疫治疗有效性之间的关系,但存在一个问题,因为检测的是基因总突变数,不是一个基因,所以这种检测需要做全基因组检测,成本太高。到目前为止,科学家还在探索一个标准化的检测方法。

PD-1/PD-L1药物如何使用也有很多值得探究的地方。免疫治疗为什么会首先在黑色素瘤上应用,其次应用于肺癌治疗,而且为什么首选肺鳞癌患者进行治疗。对此,陆舜说:“这都是有根据的,2013年发表在《科学》上的研究数据显示,黑色素瘤和肺鳞癌的突变数量是排在前位,而用于其他突变数较少的癌症是否可行还需要研究。”

另外是靶向药物治疗和免疫治疗的联合使用。靶向治疗的特点是缓解率高,但缓解时间比较短,而目前免疫治疗的特点是缓解率不高,但缓解时间长。未来这两种治疗结合在一起可以优势互补,提高生活质量,延长生存。

陆舜举了一个例子:“曾有试验表明,在转移性黑色素瘤靶向治疗无效后加用免疫治疗有效的患者中,有20%的生存时间超过了10年。”他认为,转移性癌患者能活过10年是伟大的进步。

但这方面也传来了坏消息。最近FDA紧急叫停了一个临床试验,这个试验是PD-1抑制剂和靶向药物AZD9291的联合用药,试验开始之前大家对于药物合用都持乐观态度,但结果是同时使用两个药物毒性增强,病人不能耐受,最终病人因此死亡。

陆舜说:“使用免疫疗法时还要考虑药物的不良反应,比较严重的因为干扰了病人的正常免疫机制而引发间质性肺炎。另外,在中国要非常小心活动性乙肝的病人使用。乙肝病人在美国人很少,目前还没有用药证据,事实上在慢性免疫性疾病的病人身上用药都要非常小心。”

据他介绍 ,目前上海胸科医院肺部肿瘤临床医学中心准备开展3个PD-1药物临床试验,已向CFDA提出临床试验申请,预计最快的一个会在今年年底开始,这或将成为国内第一个获批临床的PD-1单抗。第二个会在明年年前,这几个药都是在美国获批上市的药物在国内的注册研究。陆舜估计,大约还需要2~3年的时间来完成注册试验。

对于临床试验方案设计,陆舜在考虑,接受免疫疗法的病人是不是像过去的疗法一样病人要定期用药,一直用到无效为止,还是可以在激活人体自身的特异性免疫以后就能停药?目前的临床试验都是按照传统定期用药来设计,但已有人探索是不是有可能缩短病人的用药时间,或指定一个明确的用药期限,如连续使用6个月后就能永久停药。

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    2016-05-23 snf701207
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    2016-07-19 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习 继续研究

    0

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    2016-03-14 忠诚向上

    好好学习,继续研究

    0

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    2016-03-14 忠诚向上

    好好学习,继续研究

    0

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    2016-03-14 忠诚向上

    好好学习,继续研究

    0

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    2016-03-14 忠诚向上

    好好学习,继续研究

    0

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    2016-03-14 忠诚向上

    好好学习,继续研究

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1911721, encodeId=70131911e21bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4de7112046c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#mAb#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11204, encryptionId=4de7112046c, topicName=mAb)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=25e7304, createdName=snf701207, createdTime=Mon May 23 21:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93603, encodeId=e8d69360306, content=继续学习 继续研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 14:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=69309, encodeId=9c9a693097d, content=好好学习,继续研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=158, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Mar 14 12:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=69310, encodeId=d94069310e4, content=好好学习,继续研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=180, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Mar 14 12:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=69311, encodeId=33066931118, content=好好学习,继续研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Mar 14 12:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=69312, encodeId=393669312de, content=好好学习,继续研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Mar 14 12:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=69313, encodeId=447f6931352, content=好好学习,继续研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Mar 14 12:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=69314, encodeId=ced969314e4, content=好好学习,继续研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Mar 14 12:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=69315, encodeId=72fa69315fd, content=好好学习,继续研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Mar 14 12:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=69316, encodeId=aab36931658, content=好好学习,继续研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Mar 14 12:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-14 忠诚向上

    好好学习,继续研究

    0

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    2016-03-14 忠诚向上

    好好学习,继续研究

    0

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    2016-03-14 忠诚向上

    好好学习,继续研究

    0

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