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肿瘤免疫疗法——多突变癌症克星

2015-06-30 谢梦莹 译 环球科学

肿瘤中的基因突变越多,新免疫疗法就越有效。人类结肠癌细胞。图片来源:URBAIN WEYEMI, CHRISTOPHE E. REDON, WILLIAM M. BONNER 临床试验中使用的新型免疫系统激活抗癌药物让许多看似无法治愈的黑素瘤或肺癌患者重获新生,但这些药物对结肠癌似乎无效。不过有一个例外——一位男性患者的结肠癌转移瘤在2007年接受药物治疗后消失了——引起了研究人员的兴趣

肿瘤中的基因突变越多,新免疫疗法就越有效。

人类结肠癌细胞。图片来源:URBAIN WEYEMI, CHRISTOPHE E. REDON, WILLIAM M. BONNER
 
临床试验中使用的新型免疫系统激活抗癌药物让许多看似无法治愈的黑素瘤或肺癌患者重获新生,但这些药物对结肠癌似乎无效。不过有一个例外——一位男性患者的结肠癌转移瘤在2007年接受药物治疗后消失了——引起了研究人员的兴趣。他们怀疑该患者之所以能够康复,可能与肿瘤中出现大量突变有关。如今,一个小型临床试验表明,即使是新药一般不起作用的某些类型的肿瘤,如果恰好出现了大量的突变,就也能用这类药物治疗,患有这些肿瘤的患者中有3%~4%会从中受益。
 
上述实验测试的药物是一种抗体,可以阻断免疫系统T细胞表面的PD-1受体。肿瘤细胞通过激活PD-1受体逃避T细胞攻击。但是,当PD-1抑制剂阻断了这个免疫系统的“检查站”,T细胞就能识别并攻击肿瘤细胞。这种药物和另外一种利用免疫系统的新癌症疗法让人们欢欣鼓舞,因为对于某些晚期癌症患者,这些疗法能长期抑制肿瘤。黑色素瘤和肺癌对PD-1抑制剂的反应最好,对此的猜想是,这两种癌症与其它癌症相比会产生更多突变。其中一些突变会改变基因,从而编码可被免疫系统识别为异物的异常蛋白(抗原)。突变越多,这种肿瘤抗原也就越多,肿瘤抗原可以刺激被PD-1抑制剂释放的T细胞产生攻击行为。
 
美国约翰·霍普金斯大学的研究人员们检测了第一个对PD-1抑制剂产生应答的结肠癌男性患者的肿瘤组织,发现了这样一个线索:他的肿瘤组织中“错配修复”的基因存在突变,这些基因编码的蛋白质的功能是在细胞基因复制时修复DNA碱基错误。如果这些基因不能正常表达,就有可能让致癌的基因突变出现,并最终导致结肠癌,肿瘤中将含至少1000处突变,是一般组织的10至100倍。霍普金斯大学研究团队想知道,患有其他各种癌症的患者,如果肿瘤中的错配修复基因存在突变,是否也对PD-1抑制剂产生应答。
 
为了探究这一想法,霍普金斯大学的肿瘤学家Dung Le,Luis Diaz及其他人寻找了取自晚期癌症患者的肿瘤样本中的,其他疗法对这些患者已经无效。按照患者是否含有错配修复基因突变,研究人员将48名患者分为2组。每隔2周给所有患者使用PD-1抑制剂pembrolizumab (Keytruda)。
 
上述2组试验的结果大相径庭。有错配修复基因突变的个体更易产生应答——在13名结肠癌患者中,8名患者的肿瘤组织缩小,4名患者保持稳定,只有1人病情恶化。与之相反的是,在25名没有错配修复基因突变的结肠癌患者中,没有1名患者对药物产生应答。一些产生应答的患者还可存活1年或更长时间,而未产生应答的患者平均寿命为7.6个月。在患有其他类型肿瘤(包括胰腺癌、前列腺癌、子宫癌)的10名含有错配修复基因突变的患者中,7名患者病情好转或稳定,另外3名患者病情有所发展。该研究刊登在《新英格兰医学杂志》(The New England Journal of Medicine)上。Le在最近举办的美国临床肿瘤协会年会上介绍了最新结果。
 
Diaz称,结果显示,带有错配修复基因缺陷的癌症患者占所有癌症患者的3%~4%(PD-1抑制剂有效人群)。“这只是一小部分,并不适于全部癌症。”他说,但仍然可以使美国3万至4万晚期癌症患者延长1年寿命。
 
此研究也支持另一说法,肿瘤中的基因突变越多——不论是由于错配修复基因的问题,还是其它原因——PD-1抑制剂或类似药物就越可能对其有效,纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心(Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center)的癌症免疫疗法研究者Jedd Wolchok说。他的团队最近报道,编码新肿瘤抗原的突变越多,黑素瘤和肺癌患者就越易对免疫“检查站”的阻断剂产生应答。霍普金斯大学的研究“给了我们很大信心,让我们相信,我们之前的发现是十分重要的”,他说。该发现的一个推论是,肿瘤中基因突变较少的癌症患者如果先接受放射治疗或化学治疗,那么对PD-1抑制剂的应答会变得更好,因为放疗和化疗会使肿瘤产生新的突变。尽管一些患者在PD-1抑制剂临床试验中已经尝试了这一方法,但仍没有研究者设计专门的临床试验研究该问题,“因此很难就此得出结论”,Diaz说。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=45193, encodeId=16054519311, content=加油, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Tue Dec 08 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=35160, encodeId=1cf33516029, content=期待有更多研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=176, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=332823945, createdName=hlycom3356, createdTime=Thu Aug 06 23:24:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=34275, encodeId=5bdc342e5e9, content=现在很热,都用起来不知道是什么时候了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=179, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9b159816, createdName=shneye, createdTime=Mon Aug 03 16:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32087, encodeId=ae643208eea, content=13640291462需要临床实验麻烦联系我吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bdda1631721, createdName=YINJUAN885, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 20:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30623, encodeId=39f43062397, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sat Jul 04 15:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1521466, encodeId=1b26152146659, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0e108281e8f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82817, encryptionId=0e108281e8f, topicName=肿瘤免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=995711357332, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 04:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30119, encodeId=45a23011907, content=PD-1最近真是大放异彩!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170803/IMG5982F7A3DBB3C1061.jpg, createdBy=0ba51605600, createdName=Jianghuiqin, createdTime=Wed Jul 01 14:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-08 cmn

    加油

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=45193, encodeId=16054519311, content=加油, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Tue Dec 08 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=35160, encodeId=1cf33516029, content=期待有更多研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=176, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=332823945, createdName=hlycom3356, createdTime=Thu Aug 06 23:24:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=34275, encodeId=5bdc342e5e9, content=现在很热,都用起来不知道是什么时候了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=179, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9b159816, createdName=shneye, createdTime=Mon Aug 03 16:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32087, encodeId=ae643208eea, content=13640291462需要临床实验麻烦联系我吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bdda1631721, createdName=YINJUAN885, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 20:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30623, encodeId=39f43062397, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sat Jul 04 15:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1521466, encodeId=1b26152146659, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0e108281e8f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82817, encryptionId=0e108281e8f, topicName=肿瘤免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=995711357332, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 04:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30119, encodeId=45a23011907, content=PD-1最近真是大放异彩!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170803/IMG5982F7A3DBB3C1061.jpg, createdBy=0ba51605600, createdName=Jianghuiqin, createdTime=Wed Jul 01 14:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-08-06 hlycom3356

    期待有更多研究

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=45193, encodeId=16054519311, content=加油, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Tue Dec 08 09:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=35160, encodeId=1cf33516029, content=期待有更多研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=176, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=332823945, createdName=hlycom3356, createdTime=Thu Aug 06 23:24:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=34275, encodeId=5bdc342e5e9, content=现在很热,都用起来不知道是什么时候了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=179, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9b159816, createdName=shneye, createdTime=Mon Aug 03 16:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32087, encodeId=ae643208eea, content=13640291462需要临床实验麻烦联系我吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bdda1631721, createdName=YINJUAN885, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 20:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30623, encodeId=39f43062397, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sat Jul 04 15:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1521466, encodeId=1b26152146659, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0e108281e8f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82817, encryptionId=0e108281e8f, topicName=肿瘤免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=995711357332, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 04:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30119, encodeId=45a23011907, content=PD-1最近真是大放异彩!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170803/IMG5982F7A3DBB3C1061.jpg, createdBy=0ba51605600, createdName=Jianghuiqin, createdTime=Wed Jul 01 14:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-08-03 shneye

    现在很热,都用起来不知道是什么时候了

    0

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    2015-07-09 YINJUAN885

    13640291462需要临床实验麻烦联系我吧

    0

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    2015-07-04 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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    2015-07-01 Jianghuiqin

    PD-1最近真是大放异彩!

    0

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