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便血快速解读

2018-06-05 王晏美(中日友好医院肛肠科一部主任,主任医师,教授) 胃肠病

便血一般见于下消化道出血,特别是结肠与直肠的出血,但偶尔可见上消化道出血。便血的颜色取决于消化道出血的部位、出血量与血液在肠道停留的时间。便血伴有皮肤、黏膜或其他器官出血现象者,多见于血液系统疾病及其他全身性疾病。如白血病、弥散性血管内凝血等。

便血一般见于下消化道出血,特别是结肠与直肠的出血,但偶尔可见上消化道出血。便血的颜色取决于消化道出血的部位、出血量与血液在肠道停留的时间。便血伴有皮肤、黏膜或其他器官出血现象者,多见于血液系统疾病及其他全身性疾病。如白血病、弥散性血管内凝血等。

引起便血的原因有哪些?

引起便血的原因有全身性疾病和消化道疾病两大类,消化道疾病又包括上消化道疾病和下消化道疾病。

1. 全身性疾病

(1)血液系统疾病:如原发或继发性血小板减少性紫癜、白血病、再生障碍性贫血、血友病及各种原因所致的弥散性血管内凝血等。

(2)维生素缺乏症:维生素K、维生素C缺乏症等。

(3)急性传染病:流行性出血热、暴发性肝炎、伤寒、副伤寒、斑疹伤寒、副霍乱、细菌性痢疾、钩端螺旋体病、新生儿败血症等。

(4)寄生虫病:钩虫、血吸虫、恙虫病及阿米巴痢疾等。

(5)食物过敏:如牛奶蛋白过敏。

(6)中毒:植物中毒、化学毒物、尿毒症等。

(7)结缔组织疾病:系统性红斑狼疮、皮肌炎及结节性多动脉炎等。

(8)药物不良反应:最常见的为止痛药,如阿司匹林、吲哚美辛(消炎痛)、吡罗昔康(炎痛喜康)、布洛芬等。

2. 上消化道疾病

(1)食管疾病:食管静脉曲张破裂出血、食管炎、食管癌等。

(2)胃十二指肠、胆道疾病:胃十二指肠溃疡、急性胃炎、胆道出血、肿瘤出血等。

3. 下消化道疾病

(1)肛门疾病:痔、肛裂、肛瘘等。

(2)直肠疾病:直肠炎症(溃疡性大肠炎、放射性直肠炎等)、直肠肿瘤(癌、类癌、乳头状腺瘤、息肉等)、直肠损伤(异物、刺伤、坚硬粪块擦伤、器械和活组织检查致损伤等)。

(3)结肠疾病:感染与寄生虫(细菌性痢疾、阿米巴肠病、血吸虫病等),炎症(溃疡性大肠炎、克罗恩病、放射性结肠炎、结肠憩室炎和憩室溃疡等),肿瘤(结肠癌、恶性淋巴瘤、平滑肌瘤、纤维肉瘤等)。

(4)小肠疾病:感染(伤寒与副伤寒等),炎症(急性出血性坏死性肠炎、克罗恩病、憩室炎及憩室溃疡),肿瘤(恶性淋巴瘤、癌、平滑肌肉瘤、血管瘤等)。

PS:引起便血的十大疾病

(1)痔核或肛裂、肛瘘

血色一般为鲜红,且与粪便不相混,也不含有黏液,表现为大便后滴鲜血,尤在硬结大便时更易发生。

(2)细菌性痢疾

大便常为脓血样,每次量不多,常伴有里急后重感;慢性期为间断性发作的黏液、脓血便。

(3)阿米巴痢疾

大便多呈果酱样,或呈暗红色,量较多,常伴有脓性黏液,患者多有发热、腹胀、腹痛及里急后重表现。

(4)血吸虫病

有疫水接触史,常表现为慢性腹泻,大便呈脓血样或为大便带血。


发作期有腹痛、腹泻,常伴有里急后重。大便一般为黏液脓血样便,重者可为血水样便。

(6)肠套叠

排出黏液血便,常不含大便。

(7)直肠癌

患有慢性腹泻或有反复发作的黏液脓血样便,伴有里急后重,经一般抗炎等治疗无效时,应考虑有直肠癌的可能。

(8)结肠癌

大便变细,粪便伴有黏液脓血时应疑及结肠癌的可能,少数患者可仅表现为固定性的腹部疼痛。

(9)直肠、结肠息肉

直肠、乙状结肠或降结肠息肉时,表现为大便外附有新鲜血液,血液与粪便不相混为其特点。

(10)胃癌、胃及十二指肠溃疡、急性糜烂性胃炎等,全部或部分粪便多为柏油样。

如何快速鉴别?

便血一般会分为三种形态:大便带血,或全为血便,颜色呈鲜红、暗红或柏油样。这三种颜色形态,就像是现实生活中的“红黄蓝”三原色一样,我将它称之为“便血三原色——黑、暗、红”。

1. 柏油样便(黑)

要出现在上消化道——胃部与十二指肠附近。之所以将其称为“柏油便”,是因为上消化道或小肠出血后在肠内停留时间较长,红细胞被破坏,血红蛋白在肠道内与硫化物结合形成硫化亚铁,使得粪便呈黑色,有时粪便附有黏液而发亮,类似柏油。

(1)持续疼痛+呕血+黑便可能是胃癌

早期胃癌少数病人有恶心、呕吐或是类似溃疡病的上消化道症状。疼痛与体重减轻是进展期胃癌最常见的临床症状。病人常有较为明确的上消化道症状,如上腹不适、进食后饱胀,随着病情进展上腹疼痛加重,食欲下降、乏力。晚期胃癌病人常可出现贫血、消瘦、营养不良甚至恶病质等表现。

(2)周期性上腹痛+黑便可能是胃溃疡

胃溃疡是常见的消化道疾病,上腹部疼痛是它的主要症状。痛感多位于上腹部,也可出现在左上腹部或胸骨、剑突后。常呈隐痛、钝痛、胀痛、烧灼样痛。胃溃疡的疼痛多在餐后经1~2小时后逐渐缓解,直至下餐进食后再复现上述节律。有些患者可能没有症状,或以出血、黑便、胃穿孔等并发症作为首发症状。

(3)呕血+黑便可能是急性糜烂性胃炎

急性糜烂胃炎起病较急,有可能会导致突发上消化道出血。表现为呕血及黑便,单独黑便的人比较少见。出血常为间歇性。大量出血可引起晕厥或休克、贫血。出血时还会有上腹隐痛不适或有触痛。

(4)上腹部疼痛+饥饿痛+黑便可能是十二指肠溃疡

表现为上腹部疼痛,可为钝痛、灼痛、胀痛或剧痛,也可表现为仅在饥饿时隐痛不适。典型者表现为轻度或中度剑突下持续性疼痛。可以出现出血、穿孔、幽门梗阻等并发症,如果出现出血,会引起黑便。

2. 脓血便(暗)

暗色便即为脓血便,指的是排出的粪便中既有脓液,也有血液,血液外观较稀薄,有时含有大量黏液。暗色便或含有黏液的血便,往往见于直肠或结肠内的肿瘤及炎症,例如:

(1)持续排便困难+里急后重+便秘/腹泻+暗色便可能是直肠癌

早期直肠癌多数无症状,但是随着大肠癌的生长,到一定程度上会出现排便习惯改变、血便、脓血便、里急后重、便秘腹泻等问题。待到后期,直肠癌会使大便逐渐变细,晚期则有排便梗阻、消瘦甚至恶病质。

(2)果酱式+排便困难+暗色便可能是结肠癌

分左、右结肠癌,结肠癌患者早期表现为腹胀、消化不良,而后出现排便习惯改变,便前腹痛,稍后出现黏液便或黏液脓性血便。肿瘤溃烂、失血、毒素吸收后,常出现贫血、低热、乏力、消瘦、水肿等中毒症状。

(3)疼痛+里急后重+腹泻+呕吐+暗色便可能是溃疡性结肠炎

溃疡性结肠炎的最初表现可有许多形式。血性腹泻是最常见的早期症状。其他症状依次有腹痛、便血、体重减轻、里急后重、呕吐等。偶尔主要表现为关节炎,虹膜睫状体炎,肝功能障碍和皮肤病变。发热则相对是一个不常见的症状,在大多数病人中本病表现为慢性,在少数病人中呈急性、灾难性暴发的过程。这些病人表现为频繁血性粪便,可多达每天30次的高热与腹痛。

(4)腹泻+腹痛+暗色便可能是多发性肠息肉

多发性肠息肉又称家族性腺瘤性息肉病,多发性息肉多与遗传、饮食、炎症刺激因素有关,且早期症状并不明显。常见的症状有腹泻、腹痛、便血。便血常持续,后期伴有恶变。若继发感染,以上症状则加重,大便稀软、味臭、带有泡沫,有时带粘液脓血。亦有大便秘结伴里急后重感。此外若位于直肠下端较大瘤体,便后可脱出肛外,呈暗红色、乳头状肿物。

3. 鲜血便(红)

红色便即为鲜血便,红色便大多为急性出血,血液流出血管外很短时间就经肛门随粪便排出,或便后直接流出。流出的血液外观类似外伤出血,颜色鲜红或紫红、暗红,时间稍久后可以凝固成血块。鲜血便一般来自肛管直肠疾病,例如:

(1)喷溅/滴落+无痛+鲜红可能是痔疮

痔疮是肛肠科中最常见的疾病。不同分期的内外痔和混合痔均可引起大便出血,一般为粪便附有鲜血或便后滴血,严重时可能会有喷溅血出现。需要注意的是,外痔一般无大便出血表现。

(2)无痛+血与粪便不混合+鲜红可能是直肠息肉

直肠低位息肉的典型症状为无痛性大便出血。排便时出血,排便结束后停止,量多少不等,一般血液不与粪便相混。当然,如果息肉位置高、数量多,有时血液也会与粪便相混。

(3)擦拭/滴落+便时疼痛+鲜红可能是肛裂

表现为排便时肛门疼痛,便后持续一段时间。同时伴有便血,出血方式为粪便表面一侧附有血迹,不与粪便相混,部分患者便后滴血或擦拭见血。

(4)肿物+坠感+便秘+鲜红可能是直肠脱垂

直肠脱垂的主要症状为有肿物自肛门脱出。随着脱垂加重,引起不同程度的肛门失禁,常有黏液流出,导致肛周皮肤湿疹、瘙痒。因直肠排空困难,常出现便秘,大便次数增多,呈羊粪样。黏膜糜烂,破溃后有血液流出。

那么说是不是仅仅依靠疾病的常见特征来鉴别病症就足够了呢?并不是。不管症状如何明显,在确诊之前,仅仅依靠经验或者文字,都是不对的,还应该更加关注疾病本身的具体特质。文中等号只是为了便于表述,并非绝对,一旦发现身体健康出现症状,应当及时前往医院就医,甄别病症,以免延误病情。

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    2018-06-16 QFXL123456

    复习一下

    0

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    2018-06-06 huangdf
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    2018-06-05 haige

    挺好!谢谢!

    0

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    2018-06-05 flysky120

    很好的血便的知识.谢谢

    0

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    2018-06-05 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-06-05 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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