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中国研究登顶Circulation:每天1个鸡蛋,总体和心脏病死亡风险均上升!

2022-04-06 LILYMED MedSci原创

Circulation:膳食胆固醇、血清胆固醇和鸡蛋摄入与总体死亡率和特定原因死亡率的关联,以及系统评价和更新的荟萃分析

尽管大量的研究强调了外源性饮食和内源性血清胆固醇对人类健康的重要性,但目前尚未对它们与长期健康结果的关系进行彻底、全面的检查。膳食胆固醇摄入的食物包括鸡蛋、牛肉、鱼和猪肉,而内源性血清胆固醇则在肝脏和肝外组织中合成。血液中循环胆固醇在细胞膜结构和信号转导中发挥重要作用,参与营养吸收、葡萄糖代谢、生殖生物学和应激反应等重要调控功能。此外,实验室证据表明胆固醇具有细胞毒性活性;细胞胆固醇积累可以诱导细胞膜破裂、凋亡、炎症和其他应激相关的反应。早期的实验和观察研究支持胆固醇代谢障碍可能与心血管疾病(CVD)和癌症等慢性疾病的发展有关的假设。

因此,长期以来的膳食指南建议每日膳食胆固醇的摄入量不得超过300毫克,以改善心血管健康。然而,2015年膳食指南咨询委员会科学报告指出:(1)“胆固醇摄入量不必受到限制,因为胆固醇摄入量和血清胆固醇浓度之间只有微弱的关系”,(2)“在保持健康饮食模式的同时保持最低的膳食胆固醇摄入量”,(3)“吃鸡蛋应该被认为是健康饮食的一部分”。鸡蛋是一个很常见的和负担得起的食物,也是膳食胆固醇的主要来源之一,同时鸡蛋也包含广泛的高质量的营养,包括蛋白质、脂肪酸、维生素等。

20多年来,流行病学研究已经评估了较高的膳食胆固醇和鸡蛋摄入量与疾病风险之间的关系,但结果相互矛盾。一些研究表明心血管疾病的风险和死亡率增加,而另一些研究表明心血管疾病和死亡率没有关联,或相反关联。本研究旨在探索与饮食和血清胆固醇以及鸡蛋摄入量相关的总体死亡率和病因特异性死亡率,并对队列研究进行更新的元回归分析。

本次研究对 27078 名男性进行了前瞻性分析。参加者每日膳食胆固醇摄入量和鸡蛋摄入量中位数分别为538 mg(平均值为582 mg)和44.6 g(平均值为53.3 g),血清总胆固醇中位数为240 mg/dL (6.2 mmol/L)。高胆固醇摄入量的参与者更有可能有较低的血清维生素E浓度,较少的教育,和较低的糖尿病和心血管疾病的患病率。

根据 482316 人年的随访,确定了 22035 人死亡,其中 9110 人死于心血管疾病 (CVD) ,7213人死于癌症。较高的膳食胆固醇和鸡蛋摄入量与总体死亡率和心血管疾病死亡率的增加有关。每日膳食胆固醇摄入量每增加300毫克,年龄调整后的总体风险、心血管疾病、心脏病和癌症死亡率均显著增加,即增加8%-10%的风险。

总体死亡和 CVD 死亡风险危险比为 1.10 和 1.13(所有P值<0.0001),即每天每增加300mg胆固醇摄入量,总体死亡和心血管疾病死亡风险增加10%和13%相关。

多变量调整强化了CVD和心脏病死亡率的正向风险估计,血清总胆固醇每1-SD增量的HRs (95% ci)分别为1.14(1.11,1.17)和1.16(1.13,1.20)(所有P值<0.0001)。在随访31年的时候,每1-SD增量对应的调整后心血管疾病和心脏病死亡率的ARDs (95% ci)分别为1.96%(1.57%,2.40%)和2.09%(1.71%,2.51%)(表2)。

每天每增加 50 g 鸡蛋,总体死亡率和 CVD 死亡率的 HR 分别为 1.06 和 1.09(所有 P 值<0.0001),每天每增加50g鸡蛋(一个鸡蛋)摄入,总体死亡和心血管疾病死亡风险增加6%和9%相关多变量调整后,较高的血清总胆固醇浓度与 CVD 死亡风险增加相关(HR 每 1-SD 增量:1.14;P 值<0.0001),即总胆固醇浓度每增加一个梯度,血管疾病死亡风险增加14%

基于 49 项风险估计的队列研究的更新荟萃分析(包含3601401名参与者,和255479事件)表明,每天多吃一个 50 克鸡蛋与 CVD 风险显着增加相关(汇总 RR=1.04(95% CI:1.00, 1.08); I2=80.1%)。在地理区域的亚组分析中观察到,不同区域的人风险不同。在美国队列中,每天摄入 50 g 鸡蛋与更高的 CVD 风险相关(合并 RR=1.08,95% CI:1.02 , 1.14),似乎与欧洲队列中较高的 CVD 风险相关,具有临界意义(RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.14),但与亚洲队列(RR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.06)中的 CVD 风险无关

 

ATBC队列超过30年的观察结果表明,饮食中胆固醇和鸡蛋的摄入与总体和 CVD 死亡率风险增加相关。血清总胆固醇的增加也与心血管疾病和心脏病死亡率的增加有关。所观察到的胆固醇-死亡率的相关性是适度的,并且不依赖于其他几个心血管疾病的危险因素。这项最新荟萃分析的结果为增加鸡蛋摄入量和心血管疾病风险升高之间的联系提供了令人信服的证据,特别是在美国和欧洲,但在亚洲没有。本次关于胆固醇摄入量的数据为膳食指南提供了额外的证据,支持限制摄入膳食胆固醇作为改善长期健康和长寿的一种手段。

 

原文来源:

Zhao B, Gan L, Graubard BI, Männistö S, Albanes D, Huang J. Associations of Dietary Cholesterol, Serum Cholesterol, and Egg Consumption With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality, and Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis. Circulation. 2022 Apr 1. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057642. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35360933.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2032447, encodeId=01ed203244e0a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb245160e79' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心脏病死亡#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51607, encryptionId=eb245160e79, topicName=心脏病死亡)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=32d177, createdName=changfy, createdTime=Tue Dec 27 01:20:41 CST 2022, time=2022-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210938, encodeId=986712109388e, content=很棒的研究,为鸡蛋的食用又添证据, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd8b5623723, createdName=ms6000000656440728, createdTime=Wed Apr 13 19:46:50 CST 2022, time=2022-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1208900, encodeId=a85d120890090, content=亚洲人吃没问题?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220328/9b71050f5479494ca07abf8f34ca08bd/75401b25a65e4188a4c7ecc74952f90e.jpg, createdBy=a4626420227, createdName=红炉点雪, createdTime=Wed Apr 06 08:10:15 CST 2022, time=2022-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1256193, encodeId=371a1256193a8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=587f6339050' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#死亡风险#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63390, encryptionId=587f6339050, topicName=死亡风险)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Wed Apr 06 07:20:41 CST 2022, time=2022-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1208593, encodeId=789b1208593f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2242102962b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#鸡蛋#</a>记得有一项研究说鸡蛋能减少<a href='/topic/show?id=974e51e2810' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心血管#</a>疾病的发生,未来这可能是一个好话题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102962, encryptionId=2242102962b0, topicName=鸡蛋), TopicDto(id=51728, encryptionId=974e51e2810, topicName=心血管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=医者仁者, createdTime=Mon Apr 04 19:31:08 CST 2022, time=2022-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2032447, encodeId=01ed203244e0a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb245160e79' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心脏病死亡#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51607, encryptionId=eb245160e79, topicName=心脏病死亡)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=32d177, createdName=changfy, createdTime=Tue Dec 27 01:20:41 CST 2022, time=2022-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210938, encodeId=986712109388e, content=很棒的研究,为鸡蛋的食用又添证据, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd8b5623723, createdName=ms6000000656440728, createdTime=Wed Apr 13 19:46:50 CST 2022, time=2022-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1208900, encodeId=a85d120890090, content=亚洲人吃没问题?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220328/9b71050f5479494ca07abf8f34ca08bd/75401b25a65e4188a4c7ecc74952f90e.jpg, createdBy=a4626420227, createdName=红炉点雪, createdTime=Wed Apr 06 08:10:15 CST 2022, time=2022-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1256193, encodeId=371a1256193a8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=587f6339050' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#死亡风险#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63390, encryptionId=587f6339050, topicName=死亡风险)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Wed Apr 06 07:20:41 CST 2022, time=2022-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1208593, encodeId=789b1208593f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2242102962b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#鸡蛋#</a>记得有一项研究说鸡蛋能减少<a href='/topic/show?id=974e51e2810' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心血管#</a>疾病的发生,未来这可能是一个好话题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102962, encryptionId=2242102962b0, topicName=鸡蛋), TopicDto(id=51728, encryptionId=974e51e2810, topicName=心血管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=医者仁者, createdTime=Mon Apr 04 19:31:08 CST 2022, time=2022-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-13 ms6000000656440728

    很棒的研究,为鸡蛋的食用又添证据

    0

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    2022-04-06 红炉点雪

    亚洲人吃没问题?

    0

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    2022-04-04 医者仁者

    #鸡蛋#记得有一项研究说鸡蛋能减少#心血管#疾病的发生,未来这可能是一个好话题

    0

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