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早期食管癌内镜诊断

2020-04-27 com0707 一泓小树林

鳞状细胞癌是世界范围内食管癌的主要组织学类型。亚洲(中国、哈萨克斯坦和日本)和东非是发病率最高的地区。吸烟、饮酒是食管鳞状细胞癌的明确危险因素。由于这些明确的危险因素的存在,因此可以对高危人群进行早期

概读

鳞状细胞癌是世界范围内食管癌的主要组织学类型。亚洲(中国、哈萨克斯坦和日本)和东非是发病率最高的地区。吸烟、饮酒是食管鳞状细胞癌的明确危险因素。由于这些明确的危险因素的存在,因此可以对高危人群进行早期诊断。

内镜检查在包括食管在内的胃肠道癌症的早期诊断中起着重要的作用。然而,内镜检查对内镜医生来说并不总是容易的,因为早期食管癌的内镜表现非常轻微。因此,需要一种理想的早期发现早期食管鳞状细胞癌的策略。

食管是咽部与胃之间的扁圆形肌型管道,上覆鳞状上皮,平均直径约2cm,全长25cm,有3个食管狭窄,是食管癌的好发部位。根据浸润的深度,早期食管鳞状细胞癌分为Tis(原位癌/高级别异型增生)、T1a(肿瘤侵犯固有层或黏膜肌层)或T1b(肿瘤侵犯黏膜下层)(图1)。由于超过一半的早期食管鳞状细胞癌患者没有与癌症相关的症状,有效的筛查对于早期发现很重要。早期发现使我们能够使用微创治疗,如内镜下切除术(EMR,内镜下黏膜切除术,ESD:内镜黏膜下剥离术),早期食管鳞状细胞癌是可以治愈的。

图1 食管壁病理组织学结构

理想的内镜诊断策略

白光内镜

早期食管鳞状细胞癌,尤其是Tis和T1a食管鳞状细胞癌,有时内镜下缺乏任何变化。在这些情况下,早期发现浅表食管鳞状细胞癌是困难的。黏膜血管网消失、微小的白色附着物、表面不平整、黏膜色泽变化和白色附着物是早期食管鳞状细胞癌可能存在的表现(图2)。

图2 黏膜血管网消失、微小的白色附着物、黏膜色泽变化和白色附着物

色素内镜

卢戈氏液染色内镜是发现和确定食管鳞状细胞癌范围的标准方法。然而,在接受内镜检查的患者中,它会引起副反应,如胸痛和不适,偶尔会引起过敏反应,包括潮红、哮喘和碘过敏休克。硫代硫酸钠溶液有助于减少这些不良症状。检查前给予类固醇激素可有效防止过敏反应。

卢戈氏液染色后,粉红色的颜色变化表明食管鳞癌(图3)。卢戈染色后2~3分钟,粉红色明显改变。清水等人报道称,当将粉红色征作为高级别上皮内鳞状瘤和鳞状细胞癌的诊断指标时,其敏感性和特异性分别为91.9%和94.0%。Ishihara等人还报道,诊断高级别上皮内瘤变或浸润性癌的敏感性和特异性分别为88%和95%。

图3 早期食管癌碘染色,粉红色征阳性

所谓的“Tatami-no-me”标志,是诊断食管鳞癌浸润深度的一个有用的指标(图4)。“榻榻米”是指传统的日式地板,“Tatami-no-me”征的内镜外观类似于“榻榻米”(日本传统地板)的表面图案。如果在癌变病灶中没有发现榻榻米征,肿瘤可能已经侵入固有层的深层。如果看到“Tatami-no-me”征,病变将不会侵入了固有层的深层。

图4 碘染色显示Tatami-no-me征

图像增强内镜

图像增强内镜有望准确诊断高食管级别上皮内瘤变和微浸润鳞状细胞癌。结合放大内镜可以准确评估病变特征。在IEE类型中,NBI已被发现可对早期食管鳞癌提供高度准确的诊断。NBI内镜系统使用两个窄带的415nm和540nm的NBI滤光片,对应于血红蛋白的吸收峰。因此,比常规内镜更容易观察到上皮或黏膜层中的毛细血管。在NBI观察下,早期癌大部分为褐色区域。放大后可见上皮内乳头状毛细血管袢(IPCL)不规则(图5)。

图5 早期微小食管鳞状细胞癌

在一项前瞻性多中心随机对照研究中,Muto等人报告显示,NBI比WLI更快地检测到早期食管鳞状细胞癌(97% vs. 55%,P<0.001)。NBI诊断早期食管鳞癌的敏感性为97.2%,准确性为88.9%。此外,NBI-ME比WLI更有效地观察到<10mm的病变(94% vs. 39%,P=0.03)。早期食管鳞状细胞癌的治疗策略主要根据浸润深度来决定。日本食管学会提出了食管IPCL的AB分类(图6)。B型IPCL诊断标准,包括扩张、蛇形、口径不同及各血管形态不均一。B1:不同直径的扩张和扭曲的血管形成环。B2:不同直径的扩张和扭曲的血管无环形成。B3:直径为B2 3倍以上的异常血管。B1、B2和B3的浸润深度分别为T1a-EP或T1a-LPM、T1a-MM或T1b-SM1和T1b-SM2或以深。AVA定义为B型血管围绕的无血管区或血管杂乱的区域,按大小分为三组。AVA的0.5mm以下为小AVA,0.5mm至3.0mm为中AVA、3.0mm以上为大AVA。小中大AVA分别对应浸润深度为T1a-EP或T1a-LPM、T1a-MM或T1b-SM1、T1b-SM2及以上。

图6 日本食管学会 IPCL和AVA分类

筛查头颈部癌患者的第二原发性食管鳞癌是重要的,卢戈氏液染色内镜已用于其检测。Takenaka等人报道的一项研究中,NBI的特异性明显优于常规WLI(95.4% vs. 84.7%,P<0.001),而NBI和卢戈氏染色内镜的敏感性相当(90.9% vs. 100%,统计学无显著性差异)。此外,大部分被卢戈氏染色忽略的低级别上皮内瘤变或非典型病变NBI也可以发现。这些结果表明,NBI是一种有用的和微创的筛查食管鳞癌的方法。

相反,在不使用放大内镜情况下使用NBI时,误诊率很高。因此,建议使用放大NBI以提供更高的灵敏度和更高的特异性。

超声诊断

食管壁癌浸润深度与淋巴结转移密切相关。食管鳞癌淋巴结转移的发生率为3%。肿瘤侵犯黏膜肌层的风险增加到12%,而在黏膜下浸润的患者中则显著增加到26%~46%。由于黏膜层早期食管鳞状细胞癌发生转移率低,并且由于手术会导致较高的发病率和死亡率,这些患者被认为是EMR或ESD最佳适应证。侵犯黏膜下层是手术切除的指征,但黏膜下浅层(<500μm)以下仍可采用ESD治疗。有黏膜下深层侵犯的食管鳞状细胞癌需要手术切除和/或放化疗。

对于早期食管鳞状细胞癌,目前认为标准内镜图像增强(NBI-ME)和超声内镜检查是最好的方法。其他方法,如钡餐、计算机断层扫描(CT)和正电子发射断层扫描(PET),由于分辨率的限制,不适用于早期食管鳞状细胞癌。

为了估计浸润的深度,需要识别食管壁的不同组织层次。为了评估病变,应该使用20 MHz或30 MHz的微型探头。这些高分辨率探头发现9层的回声结构。一般情况下,EUS可将肿瘤视为低回声肿块。如果癌变病变侵入黏膜下层,EUS在高回声层和相应的黏膜下层发现低回声肿块。为了使食管腔变宽并获得清晰的图像,需要具有冲水功能的内镜。

人工智能

基于检测食管癌的人工智能AI诊断系统可以在短时间内分析存储的内镜图像,具有较高的灵敏度。一项日本的研究纳入了384例食管癌患者,通过AI诊断系统对47例49个食管癌患者和50例非食管癌患者1118幅测试图像,以评估其诊断准确性。结果AI诊断系统可以检测到<10mm大小的7个病变。虽然每幅图像的PPV为40%,NPV为95%,主要误诊原因为阴影和正常结构。AI诊断系统可以区分食管浅表癌和晚期癌,准确率为98%。另一项关于AI在食管癌浸润深度的研究中,AI诊断系统显示了敏感性为90.1%,特异性为95.8%,阳性预测值为99.2%,阴性预测值为63.9%,区分黏膜和黏膜下微浸润癌(SM1)和黏膜下浸润癌(SM2/3)的准确性为91%。AI系统在诊断早期食管鳞状细胞癌患者的浸润深度方面显示出良好的性能,与有经验的内镜医生的诊断价值相当。

超细胞扩大内镜

超细胞扩大内镜能够在体内观察,可放大1400倍。该技术提供了“虚拟活检”的可能性,特别是在食管和结肠。Inoue等人报道超细胞扩大内镜可以表征各种组织,包括非肿瘤性病变、炎症性病变和肿瘤性病变。Fujishiro等人报告的前瞻性体外研究表明,食管的超细胞扩大内镜图像与传统组织学的图像非常吻合(图7)。如果超细胞扩大内镜能应用于临床实践,就可以减少活组织检查的数量和包括出血在内的活检的风险。

图7 超细胞扩大内镜 a.正常食管图像 b.食管癌图像

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    2021-02-24 carrotlyl

    感谢

    0

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    2020-11-26 1252e135m66暂无昵称

    不染区是什么意思?

    0

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    2020-11-25 ms6000000148132136

    👍

    0

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    2020-08-08 xusongplx

    学习了

    0

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    2020-04-29 zhouqu_8

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