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发热待查的常见病因,看这两张表格就够了!

2016-07-24 佚名 医学界感染频道

什么是发热待查?1.经典的发热待查定义:发热持续3周以上,体温多次超过38.3℃,经过至少一周深入细致的检查仍不能确诊的一组疾病。翁教授指出儿童FUO(发热待查)的诊断标准仍不统一。在国内,经典的FUO定义仍是最为适用的。2.国外对特殊人群FUO的定义:HIV抗体阳性病人:体温大于38.3℃超过4周,其中住院病人热程超过3天仍不能明确病因者。颗粒细胞缺乏者:外周血有核细胞计数小于500×106/L

什么是发热待查?


1.经典的发热待查定义:


发热持续3周以上,体温多次超过38.3℃,经过至少一周深入细致的检查仍不能确诊的一组疾病。


翁教授指出儿童FUO(发热待查)的诊断标准仍不统一。在国内,经典的FUO定义仍是最为适用的。


2.国外对特殊人群FUO的定义:


HIV抗体阳性病人:体温大于38.3℃超过4周,其中住院病人热程超过3天仍不能明确病因者。


颗粒细胞缺乏者:外周血有核细胞计数小于500×106/L,体温大于38.3℃超过3天且培养阴性2天以上。


老年患者:除病者为老年人外,其他标准同经典FUO。


住院病人:因非感染性疾病入院的病人发热大于3天病因不能明确者。


发热待查的常见病因和疾病有哪些?


FUO主要由感染性疾病、结缔组织-血管性疾病及肿瘤性疾病构成,但仍有部分FUO为原因不明。



1.结缔组织-血管性疾病


成人STILL病


典型表现为发热(100%)、咽痛(84%)、关节炎(80%)、皮疹(79%),甚至部分病人会出现肝功能衰竭。翁教授特别强调,这个疾病是其他疾病的前期诊断,需要做以下诊断:败血症尤其是金葡菌败血症、药物热和淋巴瘤。


系统性红斑狼疮


90%以上的病人会出现发热,部分病例会缺乏典型皮疹、自身抗体可阴性、脏器的损害常引起诊断困难(肾脏、肝脏、中枢、心脏、消化系统)。


巨细胞动脉炎


是老年患者FUO的常见病因(平均70岁)。常见表现为:无可解释的发热、倦怠、消瘦、贫血、血沉>50mm/h,新近发生的头痛、视力障碍{黑矇、视力模糊、复视、失明。确诊依赖病理活检,糖皮质激素治疗有效。


其他


除上述以外,还有以下结缔组织-血管性疾病易引起发热:类风湿关节炎、系统性血管炎、皮肌炎、亚急性甲状腺炎、混合性结缔组织病(MCTD)。


2.感染性疾病


结核


许多地方,结核病已经在感染性长期发热的病因中上升至首位。病变可波及肝、脾、骨、肾、附魔、心包等。表现极其复杂多样,发热可能是唯一表现。可用结核菌素试验,T-SPOT等检查辅助诊断。


翁教授特别强调:T-SPOT检查结果阳性,对于20岁以下的人群有临床价值,对30岁以下的人群90%有临床价值,但对于60岁以上的人群则大多无临床意义。


两种少见且难以确诊的结核图示


伤寒和副伤寒


国内,伤寒和副伤寒仍是发热待查的常见原因。但是临床表现不典型者多见,相对缓脉与典型玫瑰疹已很少见。诊断应依靠病原学检查,肥达反应仅作参考。


感染性心内膜炎


感染性心内膜炎的典型的临床症状如欧式结节、Janeway结节、Roth点、心脏杂音常不明显(有可能是侵袭右侧瓣膜所导致)。临床特点有所变化导致误诊率高。无基础心脏疾病的患者日益多见,血培养阴性也越来越多。反复细致的心脏超声检查、仔细寻找皮肤瘀点等体征利于明确诊断。


局灶感染


①腹腔内感染或其他部位脓肿


腹腔内感染是发热待查的常见病因,尤其以肝脓肿和膈下脓肿最多见,其次为盆腔脓肿。齿龈脓肿和脑脓肿也可能是原因不明发热的病因。


②胆道感染


上升性胆管炎、胆囊炎、胆石症、胆囊积液都会有发热表现,可无黄疸、右上腹痛等典型症状。


③慢性尿路感染:可缺少症状、尿常规可正常。


④败血症


金葡菌败血症热程可达半年,伴随症状常掩盖原发病造成诊断上的困难。


⑤艾滋病


艾滋病发热分为两类情况,机会性感染和本身引起的长期发热。在艾滋病的机会性感染中,非结核分枝杆菌、真菌多见。本身引起的长期发热常伴有消瘦、淋巴结肿大。


3.肿瘤


淋巴瘤


作为引起发热待查最常见的肿瘤性疾病,以发热为主要症状或者首发症状者占16%-30%。


病程较长,可达3-4年,常有特征性周期热、Pel-Ehstein型热。表现多样,缺乏特征性临床表现。病理是唯一确诊证据,仅凭骨髓检查还不能确诊,基因重排后方可确定淋巴瘤的类型。


淋巴瘤(如果不做活检,很难确诊。)


实体肿瘤


例如:肾上腺、肾脏、肝癌、胰腺癌结肠癌、中枢、骨骼转移肿瘤、MDS、白血病前期等。


4.药物热


热型多样可伴周身不适、头痛、肌肉疼痛、关节痛、淋巴结肿痛和消化系症状。缺乏明显的感染灶且中毒现象不明显。多有皮疹也有不伴药疹的单纯性药物热。皮疹严重者,停药后热度可持续较长时间。用药史复杂,很难确定具体药物。


总结


发热待查常见原因




引起发热待查的常见疾病




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    2019-08-07 146aa264m87暂无昵称

    学习

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    2017-01-23 覃医生

    写的很好

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=370912, encodeId=21213e0912a0, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bcda5156808, createdName=146aa264m87暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Aug 07 20:28:43 CST 2019, time=2019-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2054600, encodeId=6e802054600b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=020b48642a9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常见病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48642, encryptionId=020b48642a9, topicName=常见病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/pSGl6CJeZ2PzWxdhCtrvv4U9Q281RV8e0AKmlB5ib93DibbiaRyOzmkCdz5F04cbfX5RGOpG4dOXvuQW1fumibVeBg/132, createdBy=fc342500110, createdName=ms9833124466084992, createdTime=Tue May 09 05:40:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172071, encodeId=dd441e20712e, content=写的很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmhead/fFgUJknhibCy1mxLxGwk0ndVfWXmBh8AOibSFDqsSgnoeicu2QjNDYn0g/0, createdBy=c24f1943525, createdName=覃医生, createdTime=Mon Jan 23 07:08:10 CST 2017, time=2017-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1989755, encodeId=50391989e5560, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8c493e88572' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发热待查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37885, encryptionId=8c493e88572, topicName=发热待查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3883266, createdName=yykkxiaodou, createdTime=Wed Jun 21 18:40:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94581, encodeId=3b9694581e0, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jul 25 12:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-25 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解一下!

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