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病例:这是一种“好色”的免疫性疾病!

2018-04-26 张雯雯,史兆博,赵莘瑜,滕军放 MedSci原创

本病是一种发病机制目前尚不明确的自身免疫性疾病,因常侵犯带色素的组织,所以有时被称为“好色”的病,当以神经系统损害为首发症状时常被误诊为脑膜炎,以下就是这样的一个案例。



本病是一种发病机制目前尚不明确的自身免疫性疾病,因常侵犯带色素的组织,所以有时被称为“好色”的病,当以神经系统损害为首发症状时常被误诊为脑膜炎,以下就是这样的一个案例。

患者是一位29岁的年轻男性,患者于10天前饮250ml白酒后出现持续性头痛,为全头部胀痛,发热,测体温37.5℃,伴头晕、鼻塞、流涕,无恶心、呕吐、意识障碍等,至当地医院就诊,查胸部ct提示双肺炎症,血常规示白细胞12.36×10^9/L,中性粒细胞7.79×10^9/L。给予抗感染及退热药物应用,疗效欠佳。

3天前,患者体温最高升至42℃,嗜睡,至市中心医院查头颅MRI示:双侧颞叶底部内侧异常信号,胼胝体压部异常信号,考虑颅内感染。为求进一步诊治来我院。既往体健,无特殊病史。家族无与患者类似疾病。

入院查体:体温39.1℃,嗜睡,言语清晰,高级智能活动减退。双侧瞳孔等大等圆,直径3.0mm,对光反射灵敏。四肢肌张力正常,肌力5级,双侧腱反射(++)。双侧巴宾斯基征阴性。颈强直,颏下4指,Kernig征阳性。

辅检:血生化检查未见明显异常。头颅MRI平扫+增强、脑电图未见明显异常。腰椎穿刺测压为190mmH2o,白细胞数为32×10^6/L,其中淋巴细胞占76%,中性粒细胞占9%,一般单核细胞占9%,激活单核细胞6%。蛋白定性弱阳性,定量为609mg/L。血肿瘤全套回示巨细胞病毒IgM、IgG均为阳性。

综合上述资料,患者入院后初步诊断为病毒性脑膜炎,给予脱水降颅压、抗病毒、抗感染、营养神经及其他对症支持治疗。10天后患者头痛症状明显减轻,意识清楚,但诉视物模糊,伴双侧结膜充血,双眼无疼痛、瘙痒等不适,体格检查颈软,双眼结膜充血,双侧瞳孔不等大,左侧5.0mm,右侧3.0mm,对光反射灵敏。测视力:左眼0.6,右眼0.5。行眼底照相、眼底荧光血管造影,考虑双眼全葡萄膜炎。见图1、2。


图1 眼底检查图像


图2 眼底荧光血管造影(FFA)

综合上述病史及相关实验室检查,诊断为小柳原田综合征。该病为累及全身多系统的自身免疫性疾病,需用激素治疗。因大剂量激素应用恐加重患者肺部感染,给予甲强龙120mg静滴,qd。并给予妥布霉素地塞米松眼液、普拉洛芬滴眼液、复方托吡卡胺滴眼液点眼。

治疗10天后,患者诉头痛发热、视物不清症状较前明显好转,双侧瞳孔仍不等大,左侧4.0mm,右侧3.0mm对光反射灵敏。复查视力:左眼0.7,右眼0.6。患者出院,院外继续口服泼尼松片30,mg,qd;继续应用妥布霉素地塞米松眼液、普拉洛芬滴眼液、复方托吡卡胺滴眼液点眼。

2个月后门诊复查:双侧瞳孔等大等圆,直径3.0mm,对光反射灵敏。双眼视力均为0.9mm。见图3、4。


图3 眼底检查图像


图4 眼底荧光血管造影(FFA)

讨论:

本例患者29岁,男性。急性起病,以发热、头痛及上呼吸道感染症状,就诊于神经内科,头颅MRI平扫+增强未见明显异常,脑脊液化验淋巴细胞及蛋白升高。由于无眼部阳性体征,体格检查脑膜刺激征阳性,加之辅助检查结果,早期易被误诊为“病毒性脑膜脑炎”,因之后出现结膜充血,视力下降等眼部症状修正诊断。

病毒性脑膜炎是指由各种病毒感染引起脑膜急性炎症的一种感染性疾病。依据病毒感染症状,急性或亚急性起病,以脑膜刺激症状为主要临床表现,脑脊液检查压力正常或轻中度升高,白细胞和蛋白正常或轻度增高,糖氯化物正常。一般病程较短,并发症较少,多成良性过程。少有复发,预后好。

Vogt‐小柳原田综合征(VKH)发病机制尚未清楚,普遍认为是自身免疫系统针对分布于皮肤、脑膜、内耳、脉络膜黑色素细胞中的某种抗原产生的迟发型超敏反应。在VKH患者的视网膜下积液中可检测到病毒包涵体,在脑脊液和视丘下部也发现了病毒颗粒,推测病毒可能是由中枢神经系统到达眼部。以神经系统症状为首发症状的患者,可先出现脑膜炎症状及脑脊液改变,继而出现弥散性葡萄膜炎、听力障碍、皮肤脱色素、毛发变白或脱落等改变。尽早进行视力检查、眼底检查及眼底荧光血管造影等检查有助于确诊VKH。

该病易反复发作,治疗的最新进展主张早期大剂量应用糖皮质激素,从而减少组织渗出、阻止肿胀和减少渗出液,控制炎症反应,治疗时间至少维持6个月以上,否则会导致不同程度的视敏度下降,甚至失明。临床工作者常因对VKH的临床特征、病程演变缺乏整体认识及缺乏全面的检查,使患者不能得到及时、系统的治疗,导致病情反复及并发症的发生。有文献统计,VKHS早期误诊、漏诊率高达85%以上,严重影响VWHS的早期治疗及预后。在临床工作中,对于病毒性脑膜炎患者,应积极进行眼底检查,对可疑患者尽早进行眼底荧光血管造影,避免漏诊、误诊,影响患者预后。

本期话题:您还知道哪些病因不明的自身免疫性疾病呢?评论符合要求且点赞最多的用户可获得由梅斯医学准备的精美礼品一份。

上期:

1.上期因为审核不慎,标题出现了错误,在此表示歉意。B2型(皮质型)胸腺瘤应为恶性肿瘤。谢谢指出问题的“滕腾 Demon”老师!请将联系方式及地址发到“tougao@medsci.cn”,我们将给您送出一份梅斯医学提供的礼品以感谢您的指导。

2.上期答案为:肺结核。请上期先得出结论的“fire”老师将联系方式及地址发到“tougao@medsci.cn”,我们将会把您的奖品邮寄给您。

3.上期讨论:

根据世界卫生组织(WHO)于1999年制定的胸腺瘤组织学分型标准将胸腺上皮肿瘤分为A、AB、B1、B2、B3、C型。其中,皮质型胸腺瘤(即B型胸腺瘤)的侵袭性高于髓质型胸腺瘤,特别是B2、B3和C型胸腺瘤侵袭性较强,且术后复发率较高。国外文献报道胸腺瘤术后出现肺内转移的时间为4~14年,平均(7±5)年,目前推荐随访时间至少为10年。胸腺瘤导致呼吸道症状较为常见,但胸腺瘤切除术后合并肺结核病例则鲜见报道。在一项针对87例胸腺瘤患者,随访期长达10年的回顾性研究中,胸腺瘤病程中常合并呼吸道疾病以及自身免疫性疾病,其中以B2型胸腺瘤最为常见,此类患者体内CD4+T细胞以及γ干扰素水平显着降低。

本例为B2型胸腺瘤患者,其术后3年出现肺内多发性结节,全身状况呈进行性消耗,应注意鉴别胸腺瘤术后肺内转移可能,其影像学与其他恶性肿瘤肺部转移相似,多表现为肺内多发实性结节,两肺对称分布,较少呈空洞样表现。同时,患者T细胞功能检查示CD4+比值仅为18.2%,其绝对计数则为290/mm3,提示患者存在细胞免疫功能低下,在此基础上,患者出现结核分枝杆菌感染的风险大大增加,同时由于长时间的消耗,综合患者临床症状、影像学动态变化以及细胞免疫情况,需考虑空洞性肺结核可能,而最终肺组织活检也证实肺结核诊断。胸腺瘤术后状态与感染肺结核可能是偶然事件,也可能归因于患者术后细胞免疫功能下降。而另一项纳入11例受试者以及25名健康人的前瞻性、对照研究也强调应关注胸腺瘤切除术后患者的免疫功能状态以及呼吸道症状,该研究结果表明,与健康人群相比,胸腺瘤切除术后患者IgG水平、外周血B淋巴细胞、CD4∶CD8比值、表达CD28的CD4+和CD8+T细胞、天然T辅助淋巴细胞百分比呈显着降低。该项研究进一步指出胸腺瘤术后患者将要面临免疫功能低下以及反复感染的风险,而这一过程可能会对肺组织造成不可逆的损伤。此外,另有文献报道,低蛋白血症可能导致肺部病灶范围在5个肺野以上者明显高于对照组,且低蛋白血症的存在使机体对肺结核病灶的修复和纤维化的能力下降。此外,由于处于急性期炎性反应,蛋白分解增强,因此低蛋白血症患者肺部病灶范围广泛。而本例患者伴有显着低蛋白血症,其肺内病灶呈进行性进展,逐步由多发结节演变为多发空洞表现,但单纯性通过影像学进行鉴别具有较大的困难,可能会导致临床诊断的遗漏和偏差。

综上所述,胸腺瘤术后随访过程中需注意合并肺结核可能,其临床表现呈多样性,症状轻重差异较大,若痰液抗酸杆菌检查阴性,则会造成肺结核确诊困难,容易误诊,导致患者病程迁延不愈,无法及时接受正确的治疗。因此,胸腺瘤切除术后患者应注意:①胸腺瘤患者术后需长期随访,并注意检测患者细胞及体液免疫功能变化情况。②注意患者呼吸道症状以及肺部影像学表现。当肺内出现多发空洞病灶需注意合并肺结核可能。③借助实验室检测技术提高诊断水平。已有研究证实联合测定ESR、LAM‐IgG、结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T‐SPOT·TB)是值得临床推广应用鉴别肺结核的方法。④如病原学检测无阳性提示,因尽早行肺部组织病理活检以期做到早发现,早诊断,早治疗。

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    2018-04-27 johnson0802

    胸腺瘤没有纯良的

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1580142, encodeId=d10a1580142e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bd2529020e1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫性疾病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29020, encryptionId=bd2529020e1, topicName=免疫性疾病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=df0516593209, createdName=124988c7m100暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 28 06:15:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=309712, encodeId=c8e4309e128d, content=胸腺瘤没有纯良的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d031442861, createdName=johnson0802, createdTime=Fri Apr 27 07:37:38 CST 2018, time=2018-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=309594, encodeId=9230309594fb, content=学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzR8ylhYfiaoAUx2BsaYHVia1IKhG3Cg8CT84rBrn6iaVRkyAibJxBcLEXabOQ5p19vWgDe34ib5ErxNgx/0, createdBy=8a701629084, createdName=jihuaijun1112, createdTime=Fri Apr 27 00:02:11 CST 2018, time=2018-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=309520, encodeId=526d309520ca, content=学习.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhb9xDeHojCicsdRdyC3XXdGk2ib9yLypZuHN06WeW4HO8WN0GGrgEfvnTX8gsckof05GHOU5OM4Mvx/0, createdBy=9cee1982656, createdName=执着追梦, createdTime=Thu Apr 26 17:34:17 CST 2018, time=2018-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=309511, encodeId=934730951194, content=好文章.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Apr 26 16:25:10 CST 2018, time=2018-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=309502, encodeId=4958309502d9, content=谢谢分享学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM7GibvIBibibnnnvpajk2stlDF5oichYahI6Bia8uxeTBFoPbdoHWebyXf9eal9FNgUF2lNcrwoZicM3BvQ/0, createdBy=a3742066385, createdName=戒馋,懒,贪, createdTime=Thu Apr 26 15:52:36 CST 2018, time=2018-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-27 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

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    2018-04-26 执着追梦

    学习.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-04-26 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    好文章.学习了.

    0

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    2018-04-26 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享学习了

    0

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