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对中医治疗肺结核的思考

2016-05-13 梁博文 医学科学报

上世纪90年代以来,全球结核病疫情呈回升态势,而造成结核病防治效果不良的主要原因之一便是耐多药结核病的出现和发展。临床治疗中联合应用药物治疗耐多药结核病疗效差,药物毒副作用明显,疾病缠绵难愈。我国历代医家治疗结核病有着丰富经验,针对当前耐药结核病的治疗,中医中药的特点和优势逐渐得到关注和重视,国家十二五专项将中医中药治疗肺结核病列入其中。 中医对肺结核病的认识 本病在历代名称不一,基本根据其传

上世纪90年代以来,全球结核病疫情呈回升态势,而造成结核病防治效果不良的主要原因之一便是耐多药结核病的出现和发展。临床治疗中联合应用药物治疗耐多药结核病疗效差,药物毒副作用明显,疾病缠绵难愈。我国历代医家治疗结核病有着丰富经验,针对当前耐药结核病的治疗,中医中药的特点和优势逐渐得到关注和重视,国家十二五专项将中医中药治疗肺结核病列入其中。


中医对肺结核病的认识

本病在历代名称不一,基本根据其传染性和临床症状为名。如传尸、肺痿疾、骨蒸、痨嗽、痨瘵等,清代以后统称为肺痨。是具有传染性的慢性虚弱疾病,由于劳损在肺,故称肺痨。主要以咳嗽、咯血、潮热、盗汗及身体逐渐消瘦为其特征。对本病的记载最早见于《内经》,《肘后方》、《备急千金要方》、《仁斋直指方》等中医典籍中对本病的病原、发病过程、症候特点有详细记载,《十药神书》更是收载十方治疗本病。《丹溪心法》以滋阴降火为治疗大法,《医学正传》明确杀虫补虚两大治疗原则,逐渐地完善和系统了本病的中医治疗。

病理性质方面,本病基本以阴虚为主,并常导致气阴两虚,甚则阴损及阳而见阴阳俱损。具体而言,病情轻重不同,发展阶段不同,涉及脏腑不一,病理也有转化演变。一般而言,病初期肺体受损, 肺阴耗伤, 肺失滋润,表现以肺阴亏损之侯为主,随着病情发展,肺肾同病,兼及心肝,导致气阴两伤,后期出现肺脾肾三脏交亏、阴阳两虚的严重局面。

传统中医对肺结核的诊断主要根据临床症状和病史病程,故无法做到早期诊断,在一定程度上限制了对肺结核病的早期治疗,只针对重症肺结核的治疗严重降低了中医治疗肺结核的疗效。随着现代医疗诊断技术的发展,肺结核的早期诊断率逐渐提高,中医对肺痨的认识不应只局限于虚劳范畴,早期诊断患者如果正气未伤邪气强盛,此时正邪相争,机体反应强烈,更多表现为实证,如邪气不强正气不虚,可无明显临床症状,中医辨证呈无典型证候,更多的实证和无典型证候的“肺痨”患者将是今后中医治疗的重要群体。

中医治疗肺结病现状

虽然中医治疗肺结核有着丰富的临床实践,有着肯定的临床疗效,但是由于目前中医治疗肺结核欠缺大规模多中心临床研究( 我国在近年“ 十一五” 、“十二五”国家医药科研中已有相关研究正在进行),缺少明确的实验室体内抗结核效果数据,没有充足的现代医学的科学理论支撑, 目前我国对肺结核的治疗,仍然是以抗结核化疗药物为主,中医大多数情况下作为一种辅助治疗手段,只有在西医治疗无法进行时才被重视。

目前中医治疗肺结核的报道主要在三个方面:一是整体的针对肺结核的治疗,包括调节机体免疫、改善消除病灶等;二是针对结核病化疗过程当中出现的毒副反应进行治疗, 包括骨髓抑制,消化道反应,肝肾功能异常等; 三是改善抗结核化疗中出现的并发症和顽固的结核中毒症状。中医治疗的方法以中药复方内服为主, 总体是在中医辨证基础上, 选择已有经典处方加减或自拟新处方, 而采用针灸、外治等其他治疗的临床报道较少。

辨证论治是中医治疗的核心,虽然补虚和杀虫是治疗肺结核的基本原则,但是精准的辨证和合理的组方用药才是疗效的重要保障, 历代医家由于条件所限,仅对肺结核发展成虚劳阶段的辨证和治疗有丰富的经验,能为我们提供丰富借鉴和指导,对于临床表现为实证或是无症状的肺结核, 诊断并不属于虚劳范畴,我们在治疗中可借鉴痰热郁肺、肺经郁热、肺气郁滞等辨证来遣方用药。

中医治疗结核病的困境和发展方向

中医治疗的精髓在于治疗的个体化,中药汤剂最能体现这一原则,但是传统中药汤剂煎服不便,口感差,严重影响了中药治疗的可选性和依从性。针对肺结核病常见辨证的中成药的研究和临床应用是推广中西医结合治疗的有效途径,既能够保证治疗的个体化又能提高中药治疗的便利性。

目前出具肺结核患者化疗方案的西医医师大多中医理论基础薄弱,对患者进行准确的中医辨证比较困难,从而影响到抗结核中成药选择的合理性,疗效亦会相应下降。虽然患者可以中西医同时就诊,但两线就医不但增加患者经济负担,还会使患者依从性下降。今后针对西医医师的中医理论培训和继续教育也是中西医结合治疗肺结核的重要环节。

抗结核化疗药物有着强大的杀菌抑菌作用,但随着耐多药甚至广泛耐药结核病的出现,新药研发又相对滞后,即使临床采用更多药物联合应对,除了会带来更多的毒副作用之外,疗效也并不令人满意。中西药的联合应用能够提高疗效,并显著降低西药的毒副作用、调节机体免疫能力,是今后我国治疗耐药结核的方向之一。

伴随我国人口老龄化的发展,老年结核病患者呈逐年上升趋势,此类患者往往合并多种慢性基础性疾病,持续服用多种药物, 一般情况差, 脏腑功能不足,病情复杂多变,抗结核治疗受到多种限制。中医药治疗的加入可以充分利用中医特长改善患者体质、稳定基础性疾病、改善

临床症状、扩大西药抗结核治疗的使用窗口,从而提高老年结核病患者的治愈率。

面对我国肺结核治疗中老龄化、耐多药、新药开发缓慢等困难,对中医中药的进一步研究和利用不仅有重要理论价值,而且对提高结核病治愈率,控制结核病疫情更有重要的现实意义。

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    2017-03-19 明心见性

    不知道有没有中西医药物联合应用的临床研究对比

    0

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    2016-09-18 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    不错哦继续关注

    0

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    2016-09-04 ylzr123

    赞!好文章,值得深入学习!

    0

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    2016-06-08 1def43e1m07(暂无匿称)

    广泛耐药可以试下中医

    0

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