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“Graves眼病” 越治越重!主治医生该何去何从?

2019-10-09 美娜 医学界内分泌频道

患者41岁男性,于1年前无明显诱因出现多汗、手抖等不适,未诊治。于4个月前患者出现双眼突出、胀痛、结膜充血、复视、视力下降等不适症状,就诊于我科门诊,诊断为“甲亢(Graves病)”,予以患者甲巯咪唑30mgqd,患者一直规律服用药物,症状有所缓解,期间在外院服中药治疗,用药后患者突眼症状加重,于2019年7月复诊,调整甲巯咪唑15mgqd,症状加重。

病史特点

患者41岁男性,于1年前无明显诱因出现多汗、手抖等不适,未诊治。于4个月前患者出现双眼突出、胀痛、结膜充血、复视、视力下降等不适症状,就诊于我科门诊,诊断为“甲亢(Graves病)”,予以患者甲巯咪唑30mgqd,患者一直规律服用药物,症状有所缓解,期间在外院服中药治疗,用药后患者突眼症状加重,于2019年7月复诊,调整甲巯咪唑15mgqd,症状加重。

既往史:无高血压、冠心病、糖尿病等相关疾病。

吸烟20余年、平均10支/日,未戒烟,饮酒史20余年、间断饮酒

查体:血压120/86mmHg,皮肤潮湿,未见黄疸,甲状腺Ⅱ度肿大,无压痛,未触及震颤,未闻及血管杂音。双手平举可见细颤,手心有汗。双目炯炯有神,眼球向前突出,左眼突眼度23mm,右眼突眼度22mm;上眼睑挛缩、睑裂宽,双眼不完全闭合;Stellwag征(+);von Graefe征(+);Joffroy征(-);Mobius征(+)。双下肢无水肿。

入院前的甲功变化



入院后相关检查结果

▎甲功:



▎甲状腺B超

甲状腺体积增大并弥漫性病变。
甲状腺ECT检查:双叶甲状腺弥漫性肿大,符合甲亢。
甲状腺摄碘率检查:甲状腺摄碘率高于正常范围提示甲亢。

▎眼眶CT

双侧眼球突出,双侧上、下直肌及左侧内直肌明显增粗,符合甲状腺相关性眼病;
双侧上颌窦及筛窦炎症。

由上述病史及检查结果,诊断明确“1.Graves病 2.Graves病眼病”。但为什么症状越来越重?该怎么治疗?

首先了解一下“Graves病眼病”

Graves病眼病是免疫功能紊乱所致的,与甲状腺疾病相关的眼病,其发病机制尚未完全清楚,严重者可以影响视力并致盲[1,2]。临床上多表现为单侧或双侧眼球突出,且在年轻女性甲状腺功能亢进 (简称甲亢) 患者中高发,但病情严重者更容易见于男性或50岁以上人群,原因尚不清楚。

Graves病眼病主要病理改变是眼眶软组织和眼外肌的炎症反应。早期淋巴细胞和浆细胞在眼外肌结缔组织中浸润,眼外肌肌内膜的成纤维细胞活化后可分泌氨基葡聚糖 (GAGs) 和胶原,GAGs结合水分后造成组织水肿,成为眼球后组织肿胀的主要原因。在疾病慢性阶段,受累的眼外肌胶原沉积,引起成纤维细胞增殖,纤维增生和脂肪沉积。其基因易感性、关键因子的改变等研究均有不同进展。 

▎Graves病眼病主要临床表现:

广泛累及眼眶软组织(眼外肌、脂肪、泪腺)
表现为突眼、眼睑退缩、球结膜水肿,眶周水肿和眼球运动障碍等
严重时会导致暴露性角膜炎、复视、及视神经受压等
居致盲性眼眶疾病之首

Graves病眼病的严重程度评估(即EUGOGO评估标准)及眼部病变的临床活动性评分(即CAS评分)对其治疗起决定性作用。



▎Graves病眼病活动度的评估:

自发性眼球后疼痛感 
眼球运动时伴有疼痛
眼睑充血
眼睑水肿
球结膜充血
球结膜水肿
眼阜水肿

以上各点各1分,共7分, CAS评分 ≧3 为活动性。积分越高,活动度越高。

患者入院前,为控制患者甲亢予以甲巯咪唑30mgqd,但为什么患者症状越来越重了呢?

▎我们考虑以下几点可能导致了这样的结局:

吸烟是Graves病眼病最重要的一个危险因素,既往有研究发现,吸烟者Graves病眼病发病风险是非吸烟者的1.3倍,突眼风险是2.6倍,复视风险是3.1倍,而这个患者整个病程中未戒烟,这会影响治疗效果。

由于甲亢及甲减均会对Graves病眼病造成不利影响,因此,及时纠正甲状腺功能异常并维持其稳定是极为必要的。由该患者病史可知,患者的甲功一直处于不平稳状态,Graves病眼病的患者抗甲状腺药物治疗时需密切观察甲功,患者入院时已出现药物性甲减,该患者未定期复诊。

该患者病程中,外院服中药治疗,具体成分也无法提供,因此不除外院外中药药物里含抗甲状腺药物成分,由此患者甲功变化急剧。

那该患者接下来该怎么治疗?

Graves病眼病的诊治流程



该患者目前EUGOGO评估标准属于中重度,属于活动性。根据2016年欧洲甲状腺学会/欧洲 Graves眼病专家组Graves眼病管理指南推荐的诊治流程,我们选择大剂量糖皮质激素冲击治疗控制病情,予以甲泼尼龙500mg一次,患者眼部不适较前改善,并建议出院后继续甲泼尼龙500mg每周一次,共六周,随后250mg每周一次,共六周(累积剂量4.5g)。

2016年欧洲甲状腺学会/欧洲 Graves眼病专家组Graves眼病管理指南建议,对于多数患者,静脉甲基强的松龙起始剂量500 mg,每周1次,持续6周,随后减至250 mg 每周1 次,持续6周,一个疗程共计12周,累积剂量 4.5 g。尽管,剂量的增加将更有利于临床活动度评分(CAS)及眼部症状的改善,但其不良反应的发生率也相应增加。因此,仅仅是针对病情严重的中重度活动性GO患者,甲基强的松龙推荐以 750 mg 起始,每周1次,持续6周,继以500 mg每周1次,持续6周(累积剂量7.5g)。

需注意的是,近期感染病毒性肝炎、肝功能明显异常、严重心血管并发症、未控制的高血压、精神异常及控制欠佳的糖尿病为激素冲击的禁忌证。治疗期间应每月监测肝酶、血糖及血压。推荐常规使用质子泵抑制剂预防消化道溃疡。此外,在治疗过程中应适当补钙,尤其是对存在多个骨质疏松危险因素的患者。

但对于该患者甲功的治疗,大家持有不同的想法,患者入院前4个月开始予以甲巯咪唑30mgqd,入院前甲功提示药物性甲减,入院后治疗方案调整为甲巯咪唑10mgqd,出院时复查甲功,提示促甲状腺激素水平较入院时高,经讨论,有专家认为甲巯咪唑减量即可,有专家认为甲巯咪唑减量同时用优甲乐,也有专家提议停用甲巯咪唑,用小剂量优甲乐。最终我们决定停用甲巯咪唑1周,并用优甲乐25ug每日一次,1周后复查甲功,嘱患者每周一次我科门诊随访。各位同行,你们有更好的建议吗?

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1797660, encodeId=aa1b1e9766028, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=35492325624' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#主治医生#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23256, encryptionId=35492325624, topicName=主治医生)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e2e0330, createdName=huangdf, createdTime=Wed Dec 25 01:28:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2039599, encodeId=f5af203959967, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7ae88244a6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Graves#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8244, encryptionId=7ae88244a6, topicName=Graves)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f49517, createdName=xinmeili, createdTime=Wed Nov 13 09:28:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=373851, encodeId=9b833e3851da, content=mmi最好不要停, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e4081474571, createdName=turkey310, createdTime=Sun Oct 13 13:50:09 CST 2019, time=2019-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1515316, encodeId=2cf7151531636, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b3e18249d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Graves眼病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8249, encryptionId=b3e18249d3, topicName=Graves眼病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3e2210763438, createdName=若水126, createdTime=Fri Oct 11 11:28:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540524, encodeId=2aca1540524c6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fbbce2786cc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#眼病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72786, encryptionId=fbbce2786cc, topicName=眼病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b85c13256921, createdName=pps20023, createdTime=Fri Oct 11 11:28:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-11-13 xinmeili
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    2019-10-13 turkey310

    mmi最好不要停

    0

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    2019-10-11 pps20023

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