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室性心动过速,6种抗心律失常药物如何选

2022-02-28 谷苟心电平台 谷苟心电平台

室性心动过速的治疗首先应评估血液动力学情况,血液动力学不稳定的患者立即给予直流电复律,尽快终止室速。

室性心动过速的治疗首先应评估血液动力学情况,血液动力学不稳定的患者立即给予直流电复律,尽快终止室速。其他治疗原则包括:(1)消除诱发室速的诱因;(2)积极针对原发病进行治疗;(3预防室速再发;(4)预防猝死。抗心律失常药物治疗也是重要的治疗方法。临床可用的药物有哪些?应该如何选择呢?

图片

1 室速心电图

常用抗心律失常药物简介

类和类抗心律失常药物都是可用的有效治疗措施,但类抗心律失常药物对器质性心脏病患者负性肌力作用明显,在预防室速复发和降低猝死方面作用不明显,有时甚至有害,应慎用。用于预防室速复发或长期给药时,一般使用类抗心律失常药物如胺碘酮、索他洛尔与β受体阻滞剂联用。 

1,利多卡因

利多卡因为Ⅰb类药物,具有钠通道阻滞作用,适用于血液动力学稳定的室速(不作首选,与缺血相关的室速可考虑使用)和室颤/无脉室速(不作首选)。

1)血液动力学稳定的室速

负荷量1.0~1.5 mg/kg(一般用50~100 mg),2~3 min内静推,必要时间隔5~10 min可重复。最大量不超过3 mg/kg。负荷量后继以1~4 mg/min静滴。

2)室颤和无脉室速 

1~1.5 mg/kg静推;若室颤/无脉室速持续,每隔5~10 min后可再用0.50~0.75 mg/kg静推,直到最大量为3 mg/kg

2 β受体阻滞剂

常用药物包括艾司洛尔和美托洛尔,为类药物,可用于多形性室速、反复发作单形性室速。

1)美托洛尔 

首剂5 mg5 min缓慢静推;如需要,间隔5~15 min,可再给5 mg,直到取得满意的效果,总量不超过10~15 mg0.2 mg/kg)。

2)艾司洛尔

负荷量0.5 mg/kg1 min静推,继以50 μg·kg-1·min-1静脉维持,疗效不满意,间隔4 min,可再给0.5 mg/kg,静推,静脉维持剂量可以50~100 μg·kg-1·min-1的步距逐渐递增,最大静脉维持剂量可至300 μg·kg-1·min-1

胺碘酮 

胺碘酮属于类药物,适用于血液动力学稳定的单形室速,不伴QT间期延长的多形性室速。 

用法:负荷量150 mg,稀释后10 min注射,继之以1 mg/min静脉泵入维持,若有必要,间隔10~15 min可重复负荷量150 mg,稀释后缓慢静推,静脉维持剂量根据心律失常情况酌情调整,24 h最大静脉用量不>2.2 g

应用的剂量、持续时间因人因病情而异。静脉应用一般为3~4 d,病情稳定后逐渐减量。若有口服胺碘酮指征,可于静脉使用当天开始,起始剂量200 mg tid

维拉帕米

维拉帕米为非二氢吡啶类钙通道拮抗剂,可用于特发性室速。2.5~5.0 mg稀释后>2 min缓慢静推。无效者每隔15~30 min后可再注射5~10 mg。累积剂量可用至20~30 mg

硫酸镁 

硫酸镁为细胞内钾转运的辅助因子,可用于伴有QT间期延长的多形性室速。1~2 g,稀释后15~20 min静推,0.5~1.0 g/h持续输注。

不同类型室性心律失常的药物治疗

非持续性室速(NSVT

无器质性心脏病的非持续性单形性室速除注意纠正可能存在的诱发因素外,一般不需特殊急诊处理,症状明显者可口服β受体阻滞剂。

器质性心脏病患者的NSVT应寻找并纠正可能存在的病因及诱因。在此基础上β受体阻滞剂有助于改善症状和预后。上述治疗措施效果不佳,且室速发作频繁,症状明显者可按持续性室速应用抗心律失常药,一般应使用胺碘酮。

有器质性心脏病的持续性单形性室速(SMVT

血液动力学稳定的单形室速可首先使用抗心律失常药,也可电复律。

抗心律失常药物首选胺碘酮。利多卡因只在胺碘酮不适用或无效时,或合并心肌缺血时作为次选药。

无器质性心脏病的SMVT 

对起源于右心室流出道的特发性室速可选用维拉帕米、普罗帕酮、β受体阻滞剂或利多卡因。

对左心室特发性室速,首选维拉帕米,也可使用普罗帕酮。终止后建议患者射频消融治疗。

多形性室速

图片

2 多形性室速处理流程 

室速/室颤风暴 

①抗心律失常药物首选胺碘酮。快速胺碘酮负荷可终止和预防心律失常发作,但需注意胺碘酮充分发挥抗心律失常作用需数小时甚至数天。②抗心律失常药的基础上联合使用β受体阻滞剂(美托洛尔、艾司洛尔)。③胺碘酮无效或不适用时可考虑利多卡因。④抗心律失常药物联合治疗,如胺碘酮联合利多卡因。在心律失常控制后,首先减利多卡因,胺碘酮可逐渐过渡到口服治疗。

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    2022-03-03 ms3000000190198551

    肾衰合并频发性室早(心率70-90左右)如何用药

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    2022-03-01 ms4000000559127129

    学习了,获益匪浅

    0

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结节病是一种肉芽肿性疾病,通常影响肺部功能,尽管对心脏的影响也很常见。然而,这些结局风险和预测它们的特征在很大程度上仍是未知的。近日,心血管疾病领域权威杂志JAHA上发表了一篇研究文章,该研究旨在探讨

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临床可用的抗心律失常药物有哪些?应该如何选择呢?

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