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Nat Neurosci:对小鼠,非人类灵长类动物和人类中功能不同的中间神经元进行病毒操作

2020-08-20 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

大规模的转录组研究正在迅速揭示在特定细胞类型中何时何地表达与神经精神疾病相关的基因。理解和治疗这些疾病的方法将需要靶向和操纵特定神经元亚型的方法。因此,在非人类灵长类动物和人类中接触这些人群已变得至关

大规模的转录组研究正在迅速揭示在特定细胞类型中何时何地表达与神经精神疾病相关的基因。理解和治疗这些疾病的方法将需要靶向和操纵特定神经元亚型的方法。因此,在非人类灵长类动物和人类中接触这些人群已变得至关重要。重组腺相关病毒(rAAVs)是在神经系统中进行基因传递的首选方法,对特定的神经元群体没有内在的选择性。系统的增强子发现已经通过允许以单细胞分辨率进行转录组和表观遗传学研究的技术的最新发展而得到加速。但对于增强子选择的搜索空间仍然很大。为了集中我们的增强子选择,作者选择专门研究Scn1a的调控态势,Scn1a是在不同神经元群体中表达的基因,其破坏与严重的癫痫病相关。结合用于易位易位染色质测序(scATAC-seq)数据的单细胞测定与跨物种的序列保守性相结合,作者在该基因附近提名了十个候选调控序列。作者确定了三种增强子,共同靶向表达Scn1a的神经元群体的广度。其中,一种特定的短调控序列能够将病毒表达限制为表达PV的皮质中间神经元(PV cIN)。

方法:四名受试者(两名男性/两名女性,年龄22-57岁)接受了一项外科手术,切除了大脑组织(颞叶和海马体)以治疗耐药癫痫。在所有的病例中,每个参与者都曾接受过一次初步的手术,放置硬膜下和/或深度电极进行颅内监测,以确定癫痫发作的位置。从海马和颞叶取300μm切片,在海马切片中,病毒的靶向是基底膜亚区。在接种病毒后7~14d对培养的人切片进行电生理记录。将培养的人切片转移到记录室。对固有膜和放电特性进行分析。大鼠分别保持在17.8–26.1℃和30–70%的宏观环境温度和湿度范围内。这些参数被密切监测和控制在啮齿动物聚居室。从麻省理工学院(MIT)的群体中获得了一只雌性普通狨猴(6岁左右)。成年(2岁)雄性猕猴(macacamulatta)来自加州大学戴维斯分校的加州国家灵长类动物研究中心。在小鼠脑切片器(Zivic Instruments)上进行冠状切片,并在冰冷的人工脑脊髓液(ACSF)中解剖V1皮质。经过处理后,使用使用Nova-Seq S2 100循环试剂盒(Illumina)进行测序。

结果:在正常或病理发展情况下(包括Dravet综合征)检查回路成熟的早期动态的主要障碍是,在不使用转基因动物的情况下无法进入特定的细胞类型。即使采用复杂的遗传策略,年轻的PV cIN也很难成为靶标。考虑到它们的丰度(它们代表所有抑制性cIN的40%)并且出现得相对较晚。更广泛地说,在本研究中确定的增强子提供了具有特殊临床意义的神经元群体的访问途径。最明显的是,这些增强剂可以通过基因疗法或调节神经元活性而潜在地用于减轻Dravet综合征的衰弱症状。作者证明了局部和全身注射可用于有效的病毒传递到大脑。通过局部注射,可能会改善局灶性癫痫,PFC功能障碍或海马记忆障碍。相比之下,系统性引入病毒可用于需要全面干预的情况下,例如,纠正普遍性癫痫发作或精神病和神经退行性疾病。作者的研究表明,对调控元素的严格鉴定为治疗环境中特定细胞类型的获取提供了路线图。重要的是,证明了我们的增强子选择方法可推广到其他基因。总体而言,我们发现了一组七个针对不同神经元群体和中枢神经系统区域具有独特特异性的增强剂。即使采用了严格的标准(对目标人群的选择性> 90%),我们的方法仍具有显着的成功率(> 20%)。此外,正如高度保守的序列所预测的那样,作者测试的增强子集在包括人类在内的所有物种中被证明具有同等的选择性和有效性。 

Vormstein-Schneider, D., Lin, J.D., Pelkey, K.A. et al. Viral manipulation of functionally distinct interneurons in mice, non-human primates and humansNat Neurosci (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-0692-9

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    2020-12-02 liye789132251
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    2021-07-12 lg.zhao
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    2020-08-27 14818eb4m67暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2020-08-21 lsndxfj

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