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Alzheimer Dementia-淋巴系统,的确有助于清除大脑的淀粉样蛋白

2021-06-30 Freeman MedSci原创

淋巴系统,的确有助于清除大脑的淀粉样蛋白

阿尔茨海默病(AD)和帕金森病(PD)等神经退行性疾病是造成老年人认知和运动障碍的重要原因。由于这些功能都在大脑中,对这些疾病的调查主要集中在脑组织的病变上,在了解发病机制方面已经取得了很大进展。然而,我们仍然对AD的神经变性的基本机制缺乏完整的了解,并且在开发阻止其发展的疗法方面取得了有限的成功。对大脑与其他系统的相互作用的重视程度远远不够,这些努力主要集中在生物标志物而不是致病机制上。在这种情况下,有必要进一步探索大脑与其他器官和系统的相互作用。

AD的大脑特点是老年斑块和神经纤维缠结(NFT),以及两种蛋白质的异常代谢的病理表达:淀粉样β(Aβ)和tau蛋白。有证据表明,这些蛋白质在各种低聚物状态或错误折叠的构象中相互作用,并诱发反应性小胶质细胞反应,最终导致突触和神经元退化。神经毒性事件的性质仍在研究中,病理蛋白或小胶质反应,或这些元素的组合,是否对神经元损伤负有责任,仍不清楚。代谢物的清除和降解也可能起作用。Aβ的产生频率估计为每个神经元每秒一个分子。这种丰度需要高度有效的降解和清除机制,以防止在神经元中的积累,斑块的发展,以及随后的毒性和神经变性。事实上,与年龄有关的大脑中Aβ的清除率下降与斑块的形成有关。有强有力的证据表明Aβ和tau被清除到脑脊液(CSF)中,CSF中这些蛋白质的测量现在被用作AD的生物标志物。然而,人们对一般的脑蛋白,特别是Aβ向外周的清除情况知之甚少。已有文献记载,Aβ可通过血脑屏障(BBB)运输,在血液中由红细胞携带。由于血小板1和纹状体肌肉中的多肽的系统来源,评估循环Aβ作为生物标志物是复杂的。但BBB可能不是Aβ和其他蛋白离开中枢神经系统的唯一途径


近年来,人们越来越认识到乙肝系统是外围清除大脑中溶质和蛋白质的途径。该系统是一个血管周围通路的网络,允许间质液(ISF)和CSF的交换以及可溶性蛋白质和代谢物(包括Aβ)从脑实质中排出。该系统有三个部分:沿穿透性动脉周围空间的CSF流入途径,发生CSF和ISF混合的毛细血管周围空间,以及最终排入深部颈淋巴结的静脉周围流出空间和脑膜淋巴管。积水系统的解剖学和生理学已经在实验动物中得到研究和证实,但在人类中却不太了解,它在人脑有毒蛋白的外周清除中的作用也不清楚。

霍普金斯大学的DavidW. Nauen等人,发现:淋巴系统是否有助于清除人脑中的Aβ。在没有适用的成像方法的情况下,他们使用免疫组化法检查了因癌症治疗或分期而切除的颈部和腹股沟淋巴结。

淋巴结中存在Aβ标记的细胞,而且颈部淋巴结显示的标记细胞的丰度远远高于腹股沟淋巴结。这一观察结果支持这样的假设:即,淋巴系统有助于清除人脑中的Aβ。

原文出处:
Nauen DW, Troncoso JC. Amyloid-beta is present in human lymph nodes and greatly enriched in those of the cervical region. Alzheimers Dement. 2021 May 31. doi: 10.1002/alz.12385. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34057798.

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    2021-07-01 土豆你个马铃薯

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