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Cell,Nature接连两篇文章再辩:癌症“坏运气”vs.环境因素

2016-11-29 杜焱恭 生物通

导语:科学界一直都有一种说法,即癌症是“坏运气”,因为干细胞中的突变是偶然产生的,但另外一些科学家则认为环境致癌物在癌症产生中发挥更加重要的作用。关于致癌的外在因素和内在因素影响,一直都存在争议,这些因素影响力了个体器官癌症发病率,以及年龄相关的癌症易感性,其中一种重要的内在因素就是任意突变随着时间的积累而导致癌症发生。近期,Nature杂志发表论文:Tissue-specific mutatio

导语:科学界一直都有一种说法,即癌症是“坏运气”,因为干细胞中的突变是偶然产生的,但另外一些科学家则认为环境致癌物在癌症产生中发挥更加重要的作用。

关于致癌的外在因素和内在因素影响,一直都存在争议,这些因素影响力了个体器官癌症发病率,以及年龄相关的癌症易感性,其中一种重要的内在因素就是任意突变随着时间的积累而导致癌症发生。

近期,Nature杂志发表论文:Tissue-specific mutation accumulation in human adult stem cells during life。来自欧洲的研究人员发现人类干细胞的DNA会以相对恒定的速度出错,无论是哪种器官,无论它们发生癌变的癌症类型是什么。这一研究为癌症内在因素和外在因素的争论提出了新的观点,也为不同器官中癌症发生率的不同提出了新的解释。

同时,几个月前,英国剑桥大学等处的研究人员在Cell杂志上也发表文章,发现干细胞中发生的突变对癌变具有重要的影响。他们指出如果器官中积累着相当数量的改变蛋白功能的突变,那么癌症患病率就会增加。虽然仅仅是活跃分裂的细胞中发生的突变会导致癌症产生。但组织损伤也会激活休眠的干细胞,让它们发生分裂,从而极大地增加癌症风险。

为什么一个人会患上癌症?因为他体内有一小撮细胞在不受控制地疯狂生长。为什么这些细胞失控了?因为它们发生了突变,多个突变积累最终导致正常细胞变成癌细胞。但这些突变是哪里来的呢?

对于这一点,科学界一直都有一种说法,即癌症是“坏运气”,因为干细胞中的突变是偶然产生的,但另外一些科学家则认为环境致癌物在癌症产生中发挥更加重要的作用。这种不一致性主要来自于使用不同的数学模型来研究现存的人类癌症和干细胞数据,因此很难梳理出单个因素的影响。

去年,约翰霍普金斯大学研究人员指出人们罹患癌症的原因更多是“运气差”,而非遗传基因和环境因素。

他们分析了31种人体组织癌变的数据,发现其中22种癌症可用干细胞分裂时“运气差”来解释,包括胰腺癌、骨癌、卵巢癌和脑癌。研究表明,人类组织内正常干细胞的分裂数与该组织癌症发生率之间的相关性达0.804,即高度相关。根据研究人员新开发的一个统计模型,组织的癌症发生率是这一相关性的平方,以百分比的形式表达就是65%。

比如说,人类结肠组织的干细胞分裂次数比小肠组织多4倍。同样,人类结肠癌也比小肠癌要常见得多。而小鼠则相反,结肠干细胞分裂次数比小肠组织低。类似地,小鼠结肠癌症发生率低于小肠癌症发生率。

但在那之后,一组研究人员又计算了各种组织中干细胞分裂次数与形成癌症风险之间的关系。细胞每分裂一次都伴随着DNA将会被错误复制,导致突变的风险——其中一些突变可以促成癌症。分析结果发现了一种关联:在一生中某一特定组织中干细胞分裂次数越多,它越有可能癌变。

研究表明,细胞分裂过程中的突变很少累积到生成癌症的点,即便是在细胞分裂速度相对高的组织中。研究小组发现在几乎所有病例中,都需要暴露于致癌物或其他环境因素来触发疾病。

而今年的这篇文章则提出,仅在活跃分裂的细胞中发生的突变会导致癌症产生。但研究人员也发现组织损伤能够激活休眠的干细胞,让它们发生分裂,从而极大地增加癌症风险。因此,他们认为癌症的起源在于一场“完美风暴(perfect storm)”,其中这场完美风暴包括DNA突变、干细胞功能和组织损伤。

研究人员还发现相对于成年小鼠体内的干细胞,新生小鼠体内的干细胞更不可能发生癌变。如果这种生物学特征在人体内也是如此的话,那么它可能解释了为何儿童的癌症发生率要比成年人低很多倍。

但这一切还有待进一步的验证,正如之前所说的:“不抽烟,你终身罹患肺腺癌的风险会显著下降。由于干细胞较少分裂,你患骨盆肉瘤的风险甚至更低——那又怎样?”

原始出处:


Zhu, L. et al. Multi-organ mapping of cancer risk. Cell 166, 1132–1146 (2016)

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    2017-01-10 liye789132251
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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/05/26/5e1df344d663496bdfd43c465d409e2c.jpg, createdBy=bce679058, createdName=sunlong28, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 18:49:36 CST 2016, time=2016-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158866, encodeId=489c15886696, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 12:12:57 CST 2016, time=2016-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158865, encodeId=fcf91588656b, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 12:12:51 CST 2016, time=2016-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-15 维他命
  4. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 12:12:51 CST 2016, time=2016-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-08 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

  5. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 12:12:51 CST 2016, time=2016-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-02 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

  6. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/05/26/5e1df344d663496bdfd43c465d409e2c.jpg, createdBy=bce679058, createdName=sunlong28, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 18:49:36 CST 2016, time=2016-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158866, encodeId=489c15886696, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 12:12:57 CST 2016, time=2016-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158865, encodeId=fcf91588656b, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, 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  7. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 12:12:51 CST 2016, time=2016-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-30 顾小北大魔王

    癌症,真的好多?

    0

  8. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 12:12:51 CST 2016, time=2016-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-29 sunlong28

    赞一个~

    0

  9. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 12:12:51 CST 2016, time=2016-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-29 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

  10. 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