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病例分享:这位老年女性在哭泣后出现呼吸困难、晕厥及肢体活动障碍,什么检查结果使医生们捏了一把冷汗?

2018-03-27 唐颖、高云、李丹 呼吸界

一位老年女性在哭泣后出现晕厥、抽搐、肢体活动障碍,几天后,又陆续出现呼吸困难、咳嗽、休克等症状和情况,在外院就医过程中,经CT检查出了脑梗塞、双侧胸腔积液……

推荐语

一位老年女性在哭泣后出现晕厥、抽搐、肢体活动障碍,几天后,又陆续出现呼吸困难、咳嗽、休克等症状和情况,在外院就医过程中,经CT检查出了脑梗塞、双侧胸腔积液……

是什么检查结果使医生们在患者出院后还感觉「捏了一把冷汗」?患者是得了心脑血管病还是急性的少见病呢?入院后查体结果如何?确诊需要再完善哪些检查呢?

吉林大学第一医院呼吸与危重症医学科的唐颖、高云、李丹医生从这位患者出现不适症状讲到最终确诊和康复出院,并带来诊治这种少见而严重的急危重症的相关经验。

入院前发生了什么

女性,60岁。因发作性晕厥,左侧肢体活动障碍7天,呼吸困难3天入院。既往子宫肌瘤病史11年,吸烟史约60年,平均20支/日,未戒。

7天前因情绪低落、哭泣后出现晕厥,伴抽搐,持续时间家属述不清。就诊于当地医院,诉入院后血压测不出,经积极抢救和抗休克治疗后意识恢复,但左侧肢体活动障碍。

3天前出现呼吸困难,咳嗽、咳痰。咳嗽为阵发性,无规律,痰为黄白色,量少,易咳出,无臭味。给予抗炎、止咳、化痰、平喘治疗,上述症状无缓解。

入住吉林大学第一医院当日,仍有肢体活动障碍、呼吸困难,无意识不清、发热、胸痛、恶心、呕吐、尿便失禁等。

入院查体结果如何?

入院查体:血压153/79mmHg,双肺未闻及明显干湿罗音,双下肺呼吸音弱。自述当地头CT提示脑梗塞、肺CT提示双侧胸腔积液(CT片未带)。

我院急诊D-二聚体6566ug/L,纤维蛋白(原)降解产物76.6ug/mL;

血气分析:pH 7.47,PCO2 33mmHg,PO2 67mmHg;

心肌损伤标志物:肌钙蛋白0.129ng/ml,肌红蛋白159.4ng/ml。

肝功能:AST 169U/L,ALT1030 U/L,γ-GT 94.7 U/L,直接胆红素13.6umol/L,间接胆红素35.8 umol/L。

心脏彩超:升主动脉内径增宽,宽约51mm。

做病情分析时的内心戏

患者有新发的脑梗塞,病程中有过休克,逐渐出现呼吸困难,她是同时得了几种不同的疾病吗?老师说过要尽量使用一元论,可是没见过这种病啊?先猜一猜,「百变魔君」结缔组织病?脑梗塞合并肺栓塞了?难道是到处都是血栓的易栓症?好吧,这些检查都先提上。

再来分析一下患者就医的主诉呼吸困难吧:呼吸困难原因待查,有肺源性、心源性、血源性、中毒性以及神经精神性。患者没有贫血及其他血常规异常-排除血源性,没有中毒病史-排除中毒性,没有精神疾病,血气分析提示没有二氧化碳潴留,不考虑通气功能障碍,可除外神经肌肉疾病-排除精神神经性。最后还是要考虑常见的肺源性和心源性呼吸困难,肺CT是必须要做的啦,但是做肺CT就够了吗?近期出现逐渐加重的呼吸困难,D-二聚体那么高,肯定要怀疑肺栓塞的呀!直接做肺动脉CTA就行了吧?等等,心脏彩超已经提示了升主动脉内径增宽,并且自述当地肺CT提示双侧胸腔积液,因此,似乎心血管系统也得查一下……

好吧,干脆做胸痛二联检查——可同时看肺窗,肺动脉和主动脉!且看结果如何:

胸痛二联检查:考虑主动脉弓多处穿透性溃疡、伴胸主动脉壁间血肿形成,胸腹主动脉及其主要分支血管动脉粥样硬化,肺动脉CTA未见明确异常。心包积液,考虑为血性积液或积血,双侧胸腔积液。



综合患者的临床表现及胸痛二联检查结果,考虑明确诊断穿透性粥样硬化性主动脉溃疡(PAU)、主动脉壁内血肿(IMH)。转入心脏外科行主动脉夹层腔内成形术植入支架。术后一般状态好转,呼吸困难逐渐缓解。

急性主动脉综合征了解一下?

急性主动脉综合征(AAS)指累及胸主动脉的一系列具有相似的临床表现和潜在的严重结果的急性非创伤性急症。包括主动脉壁内血肿(IMH)、穿透性粥样硬化性主动脉溃疡(PAU)和主动脉夹层(AD)三种病变。典型临床表现为突发胸背撕裂样、切割样、钝性疼痛,个别无症状。

PAU由于主动脉粥样硬化病变处内膜溃疡穿透内膜及中层至外膜,影像学表现为类似于消化道溃疡样龛影突出于主动脉壁外,常伴溃疡附近的主动脉壁间血肿,约占急性主动脉综合征患者2.3%~7.6%。

IMH以无主动脉壁内膜撕裂和无真假腔血液直接流动为特点。临床发现IMH亦以突发性的胸痛或后背痛为特征,但是发病年龄高于AD。IMH较AD更易发生心包积液、胸腔积液、纵隔出血。

在无痛性AAS中,主要以晕厥、神经系统症状以及外周动脉缺血等相关表现为主。一般来说,AAS患者晕厥与以下机制有关:

(1)当AAS沿无名动脉或颈总动脉向上扩展时,可引起脑或脊髓急性供血不足而发生晕厥;

(2)可能与主动脉弓小血栓脱落,堵塞大脑动脉有关,当血栓溶解、转移后,患者晕厥症状缓解;

(3)大动脉外膜破裂,血液进入心包,导致心脏压塞,心脏泵血受阻而出现低血容量休克;

经验体会

急性主动脉综合征是临床上少见而严重的急危重症,可存在非典型表现,多样复杂,易误诊。早期症状不易与其他疾病如心肌梗死、肺梗死等疾病迅速鉴别,且患者病程中容易出现各种变化。

高血压、主动脉粥样硬化、结缔组织病、遗传因素为高危因素。熟记高危因素,提高对本病的警惕性,同时重视辅助检查,及时的诊断是挽救患者生命的唯一机会。

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    2018-04-02 gg_sapphire

    学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1998569, encodeId=33ea19985696d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2b66251e52' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检查结果#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62517, encryptionId=b2b66251e52, topicName=检查结果)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Mon May 21 12:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2006906, encodeId=d9a1200690660, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1be46519e1c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#活动障碍#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65197, encryptionId=1be46519e1c, topicName=活动障碍)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/E33DC517C2EC449E463E3D01D81745BA/100, createdBy=75e12500157, createdName=ms1756883563247400, createdTime=Thu Aug 09 16:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=301967, encodeId=2bac30196ee5, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d5852276885, createdName=gg_sapphire, createdTime=Mon Apr 02 07:23:26 CST 2018, time=2018-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1281861, encodeId=94e51281861e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21753963364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸困难#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39633, encryptionId=21753963364, topicName=呼吸困难)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=365d170, createdName=chenwq08, createdTime=Thu Mar 29 11:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311632, encodeId=041b1311632d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=053f59e677a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#晕厥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59767, encryptionId=053f59e677a, topicName=晕厥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8143398, createdName=lily1616, createdTime=Thu Mar 29 11:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=300454, encodeId=b3ba3004544a, content=好病例.谢谢.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Mar 28 07:48:36 CST 2018, time=2018-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=300266, encodeId=e09b30026614, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Tue Mar 27 20:51:17 CST 2018, time=2018-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1998569, encodeId=33ea19985696d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2b66251e52' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检查结果#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62517, encryptionId=b2b66251e52, topicName=检查结果)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Mon May 21 12:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2006906, encodeId=d9a1200690660, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1be46519e1c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#活动障碍#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65197, encryptionId=1be46519e1c, topicName=活动障碍)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/E33DC517C2EC449E463E3D01D81745BA/100, createdBy=75e12500157, createdName=ms1756883563247400, createdTime=Thu Aug 09 16:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=301967, encodeId=2bac30196ee5, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d5852276885, createdName=gg_sapphire, createdTime=Mon Apr 02 07:23:26 CST 2018, time=2018-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1281861, encodeId=94e51281861e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21753963364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸困难#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39633, encryptionId=21753963364, topicName=呼吸困难)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=365d170, createdName=chenwq08, createdTime=Thu Mar 29 11:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311632, encodeId=041b1311632d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=053f59e677a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#晕厥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59767, encryptionId=053f59e677a, topicName=晕厥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8143398, createdName=lily1616, createdTime=Thu Mar 29 11:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=300454, encodeId=b3ba3004544a, content=好病例.谢谢.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Mar 28 07:48:36 CST 2018, time=2018-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=300266, encodeId=e09b30026614, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Tue Mar 27 20:51:17 CST 2018, time=2018-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-29 lily1616
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1998569, encodeId=33ea19985696d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2b66251e52' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检查结果#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62517, encryptionId=b2b66251e52, topicName=检查结果)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Mon May 21 12:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2006906, encodeId=d9a1200690660, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1be46519e1c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#活动障碍#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65197, encryptionId=1be46519e1c, topicName=活动障碍)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/E33DC517C2EC449E463E3D01D81745BA/100, createdBy=75e12500157, createdName=ms1756883563247400, createdTime=Thu Aug 09 16:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=301967, encodeId=2bac30196ee5, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d5852276885, createdName=gg_sapphire, createdTime=Mon Apr 02 07:23:26 CST 2018, time=2018-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1281861, encodeId=94e51281861e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21753963364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸困难#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39633, encryptionId=21753963364, topicName=呼吸困难)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=365d170, createdName=chenwq08, createdTime=Thu Mar 29 11:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311632, encodeId=041b1311632d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=053f59e677a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#晕厥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59767, encryptionId=053f59e677a, topicName=晕厥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8143398, createdName=lily1616, createdTime=Thu Mar 29 11:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=300454, encodeId=b3ba3004544a, content=好病例.谢谢.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Mar 28 07:48:36 CST 2018, time=2018-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=300266, encodeId=e09b30026614, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Tue Mar 27 20:51:17 CST 2018, time=2018-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-28 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好病例.谢谢.学习了

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1998569, encodeId=33ea19985696d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2b66251e52' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检查结果#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62517, encryptionId=b2b66251e52, topicName=检查结果)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Mon May 21 12:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2006906, encodeId=d9a1200690660, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1be46519e1c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#活动障碍#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65197, encryptionId=1be46519e1c, topicName=活动障碍)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/E33DC517C2EC449E463E3D01D81745BA/100, createdBy=75e12500157, createdName=ms1756883563247400, createdTime=Thu Aug 09 16:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=301967, encodeId=2bac30196ee5, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d5852276885, createdName=gg_sapphire, createdTime=Mon Apr 02 07:23:26 CST 2018, time=2018-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1281861, encodeId=94e51281861e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21753963364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸困难#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39633, encryptionId=21753963364, topicName=呼吸困难)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=365d170, createdName=chenwq08, createdTime=Thu Mar 29 11:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311632, encodeId=041b1311632d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=053f59e677a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#晕厥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59767, encryptionId=053f59e677a, topicName=晕厥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8143398, createdName=lily1616, createdTime=Thu Mar 29 11:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=300454, encodeId=b3ba3004544a, content=好病例.谢谢.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Mar 28 07:48:36 CST 2018, time=2018-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=300266, encodeId=e09b30026614, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Tue Mar 27 20:51:17 CST 2018, time=2018-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-27 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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