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烟到底怎么戒?

2021-02-03 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

戒烟方式新突破,或解决尼古丁成瘾!

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众所周知,吸烟对身心健康影响极大。吸烟者及被动吸二手烟者会吸入数上千种有害化学物质,除了引致牙渍、咳嗽、痰多或喉部不适,更会引致各种全身性疾病,尤其是肺癌等疾病造成肺部严重损害。据世界卫生组织的最新数据显示,目前全球每年约有500万人因吸烟而死亡,其中有大约60万非吸烟者死于二手烟的危害,烟草已成为继高血压之后的第二号“杀手”。

“吸烟有害健康!这个道理我懂,但我都戒了二百多回啦,2021年我的新年计划的第一项依旧是戒烟!”相信,这是大多数戒烟者的痛苦。“尼古丁成瘾”使戒烟者很难抑制吸烟的欲望。一般人无法坚持下去,就算坚持下去了,也很容易再次复吸。

一直以来,为能让戒烟更容易,科学家们一直研发加速体内尼古丁降解的新方案。近日,来自美国西密歇根大学科研团队发表在Nat Chem Biol杂志的一项研究提出通过微生物假单胞菌相关酶NicA2来降解体内尼古丁,为研发新的戒烟方式奠定了基础。

 

图片

Mark Dulchavsky, Christopher T Clark, James C A Bardwell, Frederick Stull.A cytochrome c is the natural electron acceptor for nicotine oxidoreductase.Nat Chem Biol.2021 Jan 11.

doi: 10.1038/s41589-020-00712-3

研究人员发现,微生物假单胞菌相关酶NicA2可以将细胞色素C作为电子受体,只需要更少的 NicA2 就能降低尼古丁上瘾带来的影响,而且还能降低低尼古丁的效力。

 

图片

NicA2和细胞色素C的相互作用.doi: 10.1038/s41589-020-00712-3

其实,2018年科学家就发现,给尼古丁上瘾的小鼠注射NicA2酶,血液和大脑中的尼古丁浓度迅速下降,而且注射的剂量越大,尼古丁浓度下降的越快。虽然,该研究证实了尼古丁降解酶NicA2对戒烟有一定的作用,但想要成功帮助小鼠戒掉尼古丁需要注射大量的NicA2酶,这也就意味着,这项结果可能很难在人体实现。而且,与胺氧化酶家族中的其他酶不同,NicA2与氧气的反应非常缓慢,从而严重限制了其尼古丁降解活性。

然而,在这项研究中,NicA2并没有将氧气用作氧化剂,而是将细胞色素C是电子传递链的一部分,这意味着NicA2实际上是一种“脱氢酶”,而不是“氧化酶”。

NicA2酶与细胞色素C结合加快尼古丁分解.doi: 10.1038/s41589-020-00712-3

尽管这一结果可能具有里程碑的意义,但仍需要开展临床试验来验证。未来如果一旦新的生物制剂研发成功,对于数百万仍在努力戒烟的烟民来说着实开启了戒烟的新时代。

当然,在新型疗法出来之前,目前也有很多方式帮助戒烟,比如行为咨询干预和药物干预等。2021年1月,美国预防医学工作组(USPSTF)发布了成人包括孕妇在内的戒烟的行为和药物干预建议,旨在帮助广大烟民科学戒烟,有效戒烟。这项建议中,通过行为咨询干预(包括认知行为疗法等)和药物干预进行戒烟治疗。

药物治疗

目前,FDA批准的用于成人吸烟的现有药物疗法包括尼古丁替代疗法(NRT)(包括尼古丁贴片,咀嚼胶,吸入剂或鼻喷雾剂),安非他酮(SR)和伐尼克兰。多项研究显示,所有药物疗法均可提高戒烟率。结合NRT药物((特别是将短效加长效形式的NRT结合使用)比使用单一形式的NRT更有效。少量研究显示,伐尼克兰似乎比NRT或SR更有效。

然而,对于孕妇来说,通过行为咨询干预更加有效。尽管有少量研究显示NRT对孕妇戒烟的有效性,但未见有统计学上显著的戒烟效果,而且有研究报道,NRT药物的使用存在潜在不良事件包括舒张压略微升高和皮肤相关疾病等。另外,USPSTF尚未确定对安非他酮SR或伐尼克兰药物疗法用于怀孕期间戒烟的研究。

不推荐使用电子烟

其实电子烟是一种雾化装置,它会加热含尼古丁的烟液,雾化后的蒸气主要含有毒化学物质包括甲醛和丙烯醛,以及金属和挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),这些物质都会损伤细胞导致血管组织中氧自由基(如超氧物)的增加。这会分解内皮细胞释放的一氧化氮,一氧化氮对帮助血管扩张、防止炎症和动脉阻塞非常重要。电子烟可能带来诸多潜在健康风险,美国CDC、FDA均强调指出应当避免所有青少年或怀孕的妇女接触电子烟,而且在戒烟指南并不推荐常规使用电子烟。

行为咨询干预

行为咨询干预主要从精神意志上了断烟瘾的念头,主要包含心理行为干预,以及电话干预疗法。1991年,Prochaska和Goldstein建立了5A和5R相关内容的心理辅导和支持,针对不同阶段的吸烟者采用不同的模式进行干预以来,5A询问模式询问(Ask)、建议 (Advice)、评估 (Access)、帮 助 (Assist) 和随访(Arrange);5R模型则强调健康相关性 (Relevance)、告知吸烟的危害(Risk)、告知戒烟的好处(Rewards)、告知可能遇到的困难和障碍 (Roadblocks)、在每次接触中反复重申建议(Repetition)。

当然,在戒烟门诊已经很少单独运用心理和行为干预方法进行戒烟,多与其他戒烟方法综合应用。另外,戒烟热线是国内外广为采用的一种有效咨询服务方式,通过各种方式为吸烟者提供多种戒烟服务。

总之,目前,国内外已有多种规范的戒烟方法,科学合理的运用多种戒烟方法,可增强戒烟效果,使越来越多的烟民脱离烟害。为了自己和家人的健康,烟再难戒也要戒掉。

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    2021-07-30 1477ab07m21暂无昵称

    药物,心理,社会,饮食等综合施策+恒心

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1003931, encodeId=682a100393101, content=药物,心理,社会,饮食等综合施策+恒心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d3815220226, createdName=1477ab07m21暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Jul 30 16:42:55 CST 2021, time=2021-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=970349, encodeId=96ed9e0349d7, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20221028/11610bd349304a3a86a2c437d4cf0b47/30aeaebb323a43c193abde39a65e8ce0.jpg, createdBy=957a2221566, createdName=15991890016白熊, createdTime=Wed Jun 02 14:54:59 CST 2021, time=2021-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=922725, encodeId=9eaa922e2505, content=太难了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/g?b=oidb&k=4YmoeJVacjQAUNNPVHMMKg&s=100, createdBy=6b405132812, createdName=正在努力的小渣渣, createdTime=Thu Feb 04 10:13:12 CST 2021, time=2021-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=922529, encodeId=c05192252916, content=😶点了根烟刷到了这个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210203/31868c6651a24ddf88f797616bd66cca/9f3ab4e993f84e8fa0d3fa23416eaf74.jpg, createdBy=addf5458457, createdName=桂枝汤不要桂枝, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 18:30:55 CST 2021, time=2021-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=922695, encodeId=b7e0922695fa, content=戒不了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210127/50a003c4097845e182c08afd64d8a509/bd766dfebe9c40e0bca2dae964601bdc.jpg, createdBy=22de5454917, createdName=carrotlyl, createdTime=Thu Feb 04 07:52:25 CST 2021, time=2021-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=922566, encodeId=1cfe922566f2, content=目前,国内外已有多种规范的戒烟方法,科学合理的运用多种戒烟方法,可增强戒烟效果,使越来越多的烟民脱离烟害。为了自己和家人的健康,烟再难戒也要戒掉, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c8585442638, createdName=Aidy, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 22:21:36 CST 2021, time=2021-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-06-02 15991890016白熊

    学习了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1003931, encodeId=682a100393101, content=药物,心理,社会,饮食等综合施策+恒心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d3815220226, createdName=1477ab07m21暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Jul 30 16:42:55 CST 2021, time=2021-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=970349, encodeId=96ed9e0349d7, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20221028/11610bd349304a3a86a2c437d4cf0b47/30aeaebb323a43c193abde39a65e8ce0.jpg, createdBy=957a2221566, createdName=15991890016白熊, createdTime=Wed Jun 02 14:54:59 CST 2021, time=2021-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=922725, encodeId=9eaa922e2505, content=太难了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/g?b=oidb&k=4YmoeJVacjQAUNNPVHMMKg&s=100, createdBy=6b405132812, createdName=正在努力的小渣渣, createdTime=Thu Feb 04 10:13:12 CST 2021, time=2021-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=922529, encodeId=c05192252916, content=😶点了根烟刷到了这个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210203/31868c6651a24ddf88f797616bd66cca/9f3ab4e993f84e8fa0d3fa23416eaf74.jpg, createdBy=addf5458457, createdName=桂枝汤不要桂枝, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 18:30:55 CST 2021, time=2021-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=922695, encodeId=b7e0922695fa, content=戒不了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210127/50a003c4097845e182c08afd64d8a509/bd766dfebe9c40e0bca2dae964601bdc.jpg, createdBy=22de5454917, createdName=carrotlyl, createdTime=Thu Feb 04 07:52:25 CST 2021, time=2021-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=922566, encodeId=1cfe922566f2, content=目前,国内外已有多种规范的戒烟方法,科学合理的运用多种戒烟方法,可增强戒烟效果,使越来越多的烟民脱离烟害。为了自己和家人的健康,烟再难戒也要戒掉, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c8585442638, createdName=Aidy, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 22:21:36 CST 2021, time=2021-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-02-04 正在努力的小渣渣

    太难了

    0

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    2021-02-03 桂枝汤不要桂枝

    😶点了根烟刷到了这个

    1

    展开1条回复
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    2021-02-04 carrotlyl

    戒不了

    0

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    2021-02-03 Aidy

    目前,国内外已有多种规范的戒烟方法,科学合理的运用多种戒烟方法,可增强戒烟效果,使越来越多的烟民脱离烟害。为了自己和家人的健康,烟再难戒也要戒掉

    0

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