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Front.aging neurosci-从免疫炎症和铁代谢的角度看小胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病中的作用

2022-08-01 brainnew神内神外 网络

小胶质细胞在神经系统的功能非常重要,在神经退行性疾病病理中也扮演重要角色,参与众多生理病理改变过程。小胶质细胞是神经炎症的主要功能执行者,调节小胶质细胞的状态有助于抑制神经炎症,延缓疾病进程。

 

 

 

阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 是最常见的老年性痴呆类型,病理上包含淀粉样蛋白 β-蛋白 (Aβ)、磷酸化 tau (p-tau) 和神经免疫炎症异常沉积的复杂发病机制。AD的神经退行性过程触发小胶质细胞活化,小胶质细胞过度活化产生大量神经免疫炎症因子。小胶质细胞功能障碍可导致铁代谢紊乱并增强 AD 中铁诱导的神经元变性,而脑区铁水平升高会影响小胶质细胞的表型和功能。在这篇综述中,来自衡阳医学院的作者首先讨论了小胶质细胞在 AD 中的作用,然后介绍了小胶质细胞在 AD 免疫炎症病理学中的作用,并强调了它们在 AD 铁稳态中的作用,回顾了最近关于 AD 中小胶质细胞和铁死亡的研究。

 

 

研究结果

 

 

1、 小胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病中的作用

 

小胶质细胞的变化曾经被认为是AD发展中的次要事件。研究表明小胶质细胞虽然不是 AD的主要病理因素,但在该疾病中发挥着重要的细胞自主作用。免疫组织化学分析显示,在人类和动物 AD 模型中,小胶质细胞围绕淀粉样蛋白斑块,这可能对预防疾病进展有益或有害。基于对人脑图像的纵向研究,有研究者指出小胶质细胞的激活状态在AD发展过程中从早期保护表型转变为晚期有害表型(图1)。

 

 

图1 小胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 中的作用

 

小胶质细胞中表达的免疫相关受体参与免疫监视、抗原的识别和呈递对 Aβ 等有害物质的吞噬作用以及分泌免疫效应因子,这对于维持 AD期间的神经稳态很重要。已知小胶质细胞表达多种受体,如Toll 样受体 TLR2 和 TLR4 在 AD 期间诱导 M1 小胶质细胞活化和神经退行性变。小胶质细胞免疫相关受体的遗传变异已被证明与 AD 具有显着的遗传关联,如TREM2、分化簇33 (CD33)和基因补体受体 1 (CR1)。TREM2是一种先天性免疫识别受体,在中枢系统的小胶质细胞表面表达保守序列。它参与调节小胶质细胞的活化、增殖和吞噬作用。

 

此外小胶质细胞相关的炎症小体参与Aβ 清除和tau蛋白的增殖过程,还参与修剪和重塑突出等功能来塑造神经元回路,发挥着至关重要的功能。

 

 

2、阿尔茨海默病中的铁代谢

 

铁稳态的紊乱会导致包括AD在内的各种神经退行性疾病。有证据表明,AD 大脑的多个区域存在铁积累,并且在老年斑中发现铁浓度增加,脑铁蓄积已成为早期AD的一个病理特征。血脑屏障(BBB)通透性增加和神经炎症是重要原因。大脑中的铁离子会随着年龄的增长而积累,BBB 通透性因炎症刺激而改变,膜上的铁转运蛋白上调,导致大脑中铁摄取和铁积累增加。铁离子的过度积累反过来又进一步增加了血脑屏障的通透性,增强了炎症,影响了铁离子在大脑中的重新分布,进而改变了大脑的铁代谢。

 

小胶质细胞参与阿尔滋海默病中的铁代谢调控过程。研究表明,参与小胶质细胞铁代谢的蛋白质包括 TfR、DMT1、转铁蛋白和 FPN。小胶质细胞极化、DMT1 表达和小胶质细胞铁摄取之间的相关性是非常重要的。小胶质细胞中铁的增加会导致吞噬作用和极化,从而导致有害的M1表型。铁调素是一种由肝细胞在炎症条件下分泌的激素,已知可调节翻译后的铁蛋白表达。有趣的是,铁调素可以进入 BBB 受损的炎症性大脑区域并影响铁蛋白功能。

 

 

图 2.小胶质细胞对阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 中铁代谢的调节

 

小胶质细胞在调节铁代谢的同时受铁水平的影响。已证明人类的 Aβ 斑块在形态上不同于转基因小鼠Aβ斑块,并且含有更高水平的铁和小胶质细胞。因此,AD 患者大脑中铁含量的增加可能会引发和促进富含铁的Aβ斑块的形成,从而导致进一步的小胶质细胞增生和毒性。一项对接受铁过载和铁剥夺试验的转基因小鼠大脑的研究表明,增加的脑铁水平会加速斑块形成,促进淀粉样斑块老年形态发生,并激活小胶质细胞。反过来,脑铁水平的增加与斑块铁负荷和小胶质细胞中铁的增加有关。

 

总之,小胶质细胞在神经系统的功能非常重要,在神经退行性疾病病理中也扮演重要角色,参与众多生理病理改变过程。小胶质细胞是神经炎症的主要功能执行者,调节小胶质细胞的状态有助于抑制神经炎症,延缓疾病进程。

 

参考文献

 

Long H-Z, Zhou Z-W, Cheng Y, Luo H-Y, Li F-J, Xu S-G and Gao L-C (2022) The Role of Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease From the Perspective of Immune Inflammation and Iron Metabolism. Front. Aging Neurosci. 14:888989. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.888989

 

编译作者:  原代美少女 (Brainnews创作团队) 

校审: Simon (Brainnews编辑部)

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    2022-08-02 ms5000001410456216

    病理上包含淀粉样蛋白 β-蛋白 (Aβ)、磷酸化 tau (p-tau) 和神经免疫炎症异常沉积的复杂发病机制

    0

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    2022-07-13 lsndxfj
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