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揭开黄疸的“面纱”——美沙拉秦导致溶血性贫血一例

2018-07-20 张抒扬 梅丹 北京协和医院复杂病例用药解析

27岁男性,确诊克罗恩病后给予“美沙拉秦、泼尼松”药物治疗的过程中出现黄疸、贫血,检查高度提示为溶血性贫血。导致溶血性贫血的原因是什么?是疾病本身诱发的免疫性溶血性贫血,还是其他原因如药物诱发的免疫性溶血性贫血呢?

27岁男性,确诊克罗恩病后给予“美沙拉秦、泼尼松”药物治疗的过程中出现黄疸、贫血,检查高度提示为溶血性贫血。导致溶血性贫血的原因是什么?是疾病本身诱发的免疫性溶血性贫血,还是其他原因如药物诱发的免疫性溶血性贫血呢?

(一)病例介绍

患者男性,27岁,因“腹痛2年,加重3月”于2012年4月16日入院。患者于2010年无明显诱因出现脐上疼痛,进食后明显,逐渐疼痛加重,当地行结肠镜检查提示回盲部溃疡,转入外科行“右半结肠切除术+吻合术”,病理诊断克罗恩病。手术1个月后无明显诱因出现右下腹胀痛,于我院就诊,行结肠镜检查提示吻合口溃疡,病理为炎性渗出物、坏死物、肉芽组织及结肠黏膜慢性炎,考虑诊断为克罗恩病。2012年4月6日开始给予美沙拉秦1g qid治疗,2周后腹痛症状缓解不明显。于2012年4月24日加用泼尼松50mg po qd(折算为1mg/kg),患者自觉腹痛缓解。患者于2012年5月8日起泼尼松减量至45mg qd,5月10日左右发现巩膜发黄,来我院就诊。

入院查血常规:WBC 11.17×109/L,RBC 3.25×1012/L,HGB 113g/L,PLT 191×109/L,RET%8.03%。生化:TBil 88.2μmol/L,IBil 78.1μmol/L,ALP 47 U/L,GGT 14 U/L。抗人球蛋白试验+分型:阴性。血涂片基本正常。红细胞渗透脆性(含对照):未见异常。骨髓涂片:增生明显活跃,红细胞大小不等,大红细胞及嗜多色性红细胞易见,考虑溶血性贫血。

(二)病例特点

患者青年男性,慢性病程、急性加重。确诊克罗恩病后给予药物治疗的过程中出现黄疸、贫血,检查高度提示为溶血性贫血。

(三)治疗要点和治疗经过

1.发生溶血性贫血的原因

该患者临床表现为黄疸,间接胆红素增高为主,血红蛋白轻度下降,胆管酶(ALP、GGT)和肝脏谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶均正常,因此在黄疸的鉴别诊断中首先考虑溶血性黄疸可能性大,对患者进行了一系列的溶血方面的检查。检查中发现有红细胞破坏过多的直接证据:总胆红素及间接胆红素升高;间接证据有:骨髓红系增生显着,网织红细胞比例升高。因此综合判断该患者溶血的证据是肯定的。导致溶血性贫血的原因是什么呢?

炎症性肠病是一类不明原因的慢性非特异性肠道炎症性疾病,主要包括溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病。文献报道炎症性肠病可伴有贫血、凝血功能异常等多种血液学改变。文献报道溃疡性结肠炎合并免疫性溶血性贫血的患病率0.2%~1.7%,克罗恩病有个案报道。炎症性肠病合并免疫性溶血性贫血的机制在于,病变的肠道吸收非红细胞抗原,而后交叉反应产生红细胞抗体,自身抗体吸附于红细胞表面从而引起溶血性贫血。此外也有文献报道炎症性肠病的治疗药物也可以引起溶血性贫血,如有报道柳氮磺吡啶可以诱发药物性溶血性贫血。如果是疾病本身诱发的免疫性溶血性贫血,提示治疗方案还有待进一步加强;如果是其他原因如药物诱发的免疫性溶血性贫血,则需要停药或者换药。从患者的诊治疗效分析,使用皮质激素和美沙拉秦后腹痛缓解,提示疾病本身得到较好控制。是否为药物诱发的免疫性溶血性贫血?患者仅服用了美沙拉秦和激素,美沙拉秦是否会引起免疫性溶血性贫血?检索药物说明书和文献未能发现相关的报道,唯一的方法是停药后观察。

2.治疗经过

入院后停用美沙拉秦,2012年6月11日复查血常规:WBC 13.31×109/L,RBC 3.89×1012/L,HGB 139g/L,PLT 277×109/L,RET%3.45%。但美沙拉秦为克罗恩病必需用药,考虑纤维素膜控释载体美沙拉秦制剂与患者原来使用的美沙拉秦制剂载体不同,可能不会产生溶血性贫血,故于2012年6月13日开始更换为纤维素膜控释载体美沙拉秦制剂,其间多次查血常规+网织红细胞、胆红素未见异常。2012年7月26日复查行腹盆增强CT及结肠镜显示病变较前好转。

然而患者于2012年8月28日再次出现皮肤巩膜黄染,查TBil 59.9μmol/L,IBil 45.8μmol/L;血常规:RBC 3.79×1012/L,HGB 124g/L。考虑到上次患者停用美沙拉秦后溶血性贫血好转,虽然换用不同制剂后短期内未再次发生同一不良反应,但仍不能排除是该药物所致。嘱患者停用纤维素膜控释载体美沙拉秦制剂。9月20日当地复查,RBC 4.16×1012/L,HGB 143g/L,TBil 15.6μmol/L,IBil 9.5μmol/L。通过2次停药后贫血缓解以及服药后发作,证实了患者的溶血性贫血与美沙拉秦相关,因此不建议患者再使用该药,换用硫唑嘌呤。之后的随访中患者克罗恩病稳定,体重增长。血常规、胆红素及炎症指标均正常。

3.美沙拉秦的药理作用和不良反应

美沙拉秦可以通过抑制前列腺素合成和白三烯的形成,从而对炎症起显著抑制作用,它是轻、中度炎症性肠病的首选药物。其制剂按照控释材料不同可分为两种,一种是甲基丙烯酸酯控释,pH依赖,释放部位是回肠末段和结肠;另一种是乙基纤维素半透膜控释,时间依赖,释放部位是远段空肠、回肠、结肠。

美沙拉秦的不良反应:①过敏反应:可出现不依赖剂量的过敏反应,如皮疹、药物热、支气管痉挛、红斑狼疮样综合征等;②心血管系统:可能对心肌有影响;③神经系统:个别患者出现头晕、头痛、定向力障碍;④消化系统:腹泻、恶心、呕吐、口干、便秘、轻微胃肠不适等,个别患者出现氨基转移酶升高,也有报道可引起胰腺炎;⑤泌尿系统:个别患者出现血浆尿素氮升高;⑥其他:可出现关节炎、瘙痒、关节痛、痉挛性肌痛等。文献检索没有找到美沙拉秦导致溶血性贫血的报道。本例中通过停药后贫血缓解,加药后再次出现,停用后又好转,最终确定为美沙拉秦的不良反应。

(四)治疗体会

本例患者克罗恩病诊断明确,诊治过程中美沙拉秦诱发了药物性溶血性贫血,通过积极寻找病因,及时停药,避免了患者受到更大的伤害。

美沙拉秦是轻、中度炎症性肠病治疗的首选药物,也是炎症性肠病患者常用药物,绝大多数患者服药后不良反应较小,因而医生容易忽视其不良反应。另外由于炎症性肠病在中国尚不属于常见病的范围,中国人群炎症性肠病的并发症、肠外表现、对药物的疗效及不良反应等方面尚需积累经验,提示临床医师要注重细节,仔细观察病情和辅助检查的变化,不断总结经验,提高临床的认识。

(五)专家点评——李大魁

由美沙拉秦引起溶血性贫血确实少见。患者停用美沙拉秦后溶血性贫血好转。换用不同制剂(纤维素膜控释载体美沙拉秦制剂)仍再次发生同一不良反应,通过2次停药后贫血缓解以及服药后发作(等同激发试验),证实了患者的溶血性贫血与美沙拉秦相关。

通常缓释制剂与常释制剂的活性成分相同,只是赋形剂和工艺不同。药物制剂上广泛使用的口服缓释制剂的赋形剂(主要是纤维素类衍生物)是非常安全的,可排除与此不良反应的相关性。缓释制剂的血药浓度比常释制剂平稳,与剂量或血药浓度相关的不良反应出现要延迟或较轻。因此如怀疑常释制剂的美沙拉秦引起溶血性贫血,更换成其缓释制剂要十分谨慎。

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    2018-07-23 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

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    2018-07-22 楚秀娟
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333660, encodeId=f93c333660f4, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Mon Jul 23 20:17:27 CST 2018, time=2018-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1422816, encodeId=b8291422816c4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2361031e6fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#黄疸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=103176, encryptionId=b2361031e6fc, topicName=黄疸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=28ad3737144, createdName=楚秀娟, createdTime=Sun Jul 22 05:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1491014, encodeId=269514910146b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34b6665036b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#溶血性贫血#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66503, encryptionId=34b6665036b, topicName=溶血性贫血)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6d868859483, createdName=mfx802, createdTime=Sun Jul 22 05:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333096, encodeId=a6f833309655, content=学习学习很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKibA62IFMeUJEmSyIe8DvYFeERuOsfrRd8iano7nENqQU1dRR3tqeQOUL3eqgYgEZRT2t2iaEsib0JEw/132, createdBy=66771693911, createdName=易水河, createdTime=Sat Jul 21 07:41:56 CST 2018, time=2018-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332948, encodeId=d2833329483f, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 17:56:36 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332930, encodeId=53ea332930dd, content=学习了!!!!!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 15:44:10 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-21 易水河

    学习学习很好

    0

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    2018-07-20 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2018-07-20 zb1235672

    学习了!!!!!!!

    0

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