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首剂量需要加倍或减量的心血管药物,了解一下

2018-08-13 佚名 沈阳202医院药剂科微信号

临床常用的心血管药物中,很多需要首剂加倍或减量。我们一起了解一下。

临床常用的血管药物中,很多需要首剂加倍或减量。我们一起了解一下。

首剂加倍

临床用药过程中,为了迅速使血药浓度达到稳态浓度,即坪值,使得药物迅速产生效应,常常采用首剂加倍的方法,即:第一次服药时,用药量要加倍,后续剂量仍按照常规剂量使用,以保证临床用药的安全性。目的是使药物在一个半衰期内迅速达到稳态浓度,缩短药物达到有效浓度的时间,立即发挥治疗作用,迅速缓解病情。

首剂加倍是基于每种药物的药动学过程,经过大量科学研究证明、探索,结合药效学及药物安全性等诸多因素制定出的负荷剂量给药方案。“首剂加倍”的多为抗微生物药物,例如阿奇霉素、替考拉宁、甲硝唑等;部分止泻药用于治疗急性腹泻时也需要首剂加倍。

药物举例

01.阿司匹林

拜阿司匹林说明书:降低急性心肌梗死疑似患者的发病风险,建议首次剂量300mg,嚼碎后服用以快速吸收,以后每天100-200mg。

《急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南(2015)》:所有无禁忌证的STEMI患者均应立即口服水溶性阿司匹林或嚼服肠溶阿司匹林300 mg(Ⅰ,B),继以75~100 mg/d长期维持(Ⅰ,A)。

《非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南(2016)》:阿司匹林是抗血小板治疗的基石,如无禁忌证,无论采用何种治疗策略,所有患者均应口服阿司匹林首剂负荷量150~300mg(未服用过阿司匹林的患者)并以75~100mg/d的剂量长期服用(I,A)。

02.P2Y12受体抑制剂

氯吡格雷(波立维)说明书:非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征患者,应以单次负荷量氯吡格雷300mg开始,然后以75mg,每日1次连续服药(合用阿司匹林75-325mg/日)。ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死:应以负荷量氯吡格雷开始,然后以75mg每日1次,合用阿司匹林,可合用或不合用溶栓剂。对于年龄超过75岁的患者,不使用氯吡格雷负荷剂量。

替格瑞洛(倍林达)说明书:本品起始剂量为单次负荷量180 mg(90 mg×2片),此后每次1片(90 mg),每日2次。

《急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南(2015)》:STEMI直接PCI(特别是置入DES)患者,应给予负荷量替格瑞洛180 mg,以后90 mg/次,每日2次,至少12个月(Ⅰ,B);或氯吡格雷600 mg负荷量,以后75 mg/次,每日1次,至少12个月(Ⅰ,A)。STEMI静脉溶栓患者,如年龄≤75岁,应给予氯吡格雷300 mg负荷量,以后75 mg/d,维持12个月(Ⅰ,A)。如年龄>75岁,则用氯吡格雷75 mg,以后75 mg/d,维持12个月(Ⅰ,A)。STEMI合并房颤需持续抗凝治疗的直接PCI患者,建议应用氯吡格雷600 mg负荷量,以后每天75 mg(Ⅱa,B)。

《非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南(2016)》:除非有极高出血风险等禁忌证,在阿司匹林基础上应联合应用1种P2Y12受体抑制剂,并维持至少12个月(I,A)。选择包括替格瑞洛(180mg负荷剂量,90mg、2次/d维持)或氯吡格雷(负荷剂量300~600mg,75mg/d维持)(I,B)。

首剂减量

有些药物作用较强烈,首剂药物如按常规剂量给予,容易导致患者不耐受,即首剂效应或首剂综合征。为避免首剂效应的发生,对某些药物须采取“首剂减量”法。引起首剂效应的常见药物主要是抗高血压药物、冠心病和心力衰竭治疗药物等。

药物举例

01.α受体阻滞剂——哌唑嗪

口服,一次0.5mg~1mg,每日2~3次(首剂为0.5mg,睡前服)。逐渐按疗效调整为一日6mg~15mg,分2~3次服,每日剂量超过20mg后,疗效不进一步增加。

本品可引起晕厥,大多数由体位性低血压引起,偶发生在心室率为100~160次/分的情况下,通常在首次给药后30~90分钟或与其他降压药合用时出现。低钠饮食与合用β受体阻滞剂的患者较易发生。如果将首次剂量改为0.5mg,临睡前服用,可防止或减轻这种不良反应;在给本药前一天停止使用利尿药,也可减轻“首剂现象”。这种副作用有自限性,多数情况下不会再发生。眩晕和嗜睡可发生在首次服药后,在首次服药或加量后第一日应避免驾车和危险的工作。目眩可发生于体位由卧位变为立位时,缓慢起床可避免。

02.钙拮抗剂——硝苯地平

剂量应视患者的耐受性和对心绞痛的控制情况逐渐调整。过量服用硝苯地平可导致低血压。建议从小剂量开始服用,一般首剂用量10mg/次,一日3次口服。通常调整剂量需7-14天。

03.血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂——依那普利

原发性高血压:根据高血压的严重程度,起始剂量为10-20 mg,每日1次。对轻度高血压,建议起始剂量为每日10 mg。治疗其他程度的高血压,起始剂量为每日20 mg。常用维持量为20 mg/日,根据病人的需要,可调整至最大剂量每日40 mg。

心衰/无症状性左心室功能不全:有症状的心衰或无症状的左心室功能不全病人,起始剂量为2.5 mg,并应在密切的医疗监护下服用,以确定其对血压的起始效应。如果没有发生症状性低血压或症状性低血压已得到有效的处理,应根据病人的耐受情况将剂量逐渐增加到常用的20 mg维持剂量,1次或分2次服用。这一剂量调整可经过2-4周的时间完成。若仍存在部分的心衰体征和症状,剂量递增过程还可以加快。

04.血管紧张素II受体阻滞剂——厄贝沙坦

通常建议的初始剂量和维持剂量为每日150 mg,饮食对服药无影响。但对某些特殊的病人,特别是进行IBD%E8%AF%8A%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0-Part%202" target="_blank">血液透析和年龄超过75岁的病人,初始剂量可考虑用75 mg。使用厄贝沙坦150 mg每天一次不能有效控制血压的患者,可将本品剂量增至300 mg,或者增加其它抗高血压药物。

05.β受体阻滞剂——美托洛尔

心绞痛开始一次25-50mg,一日2-4次;以一周为间隔逐渐加量直到达到目标剂量;最大日剂量400mg,分3次服。

心力衰竭应在使用洋地黄和/或利尿剂等抗心衰的治疗基础上使用本药;起初一次6.25mg,一日2~3次,以后视临床情况每数日至一周一次增加6.25-12.5mg,一日2~3次,最大剂量可用至一次50~100mg,一日2次。

06.阿托伐他汀

适应证包括高胆固醇血症和冠心病。常用的起始剂量为10mg每日一次。剂量调整时间间隔应为4周或更长。最大剂量为80mg每日一次。

07.瑞舒伐他汀

适应证包括原发性高胆固醇血症、混合型血脂异常、纯合子家族性高胆固醇血症等。常用起始剂量为5 mg,每日一次;需要更强效地降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的患者可以考虑10mg一日一次作为起始剂量,该剂量能控制大多数患者的血脂水平。如有必要,可在治疗4周后调整剂量至高一级的剂量水平。每日最大剂量为20mg。

首剂加减使用需谨慎!

首剂加减有必要,但并非每种药都应首剂加倍或减量,应用必须谨慎。

1.在众多药物中只有少数药才能首剂加倍,不加选择地首剂加倍,反而有可能造成病人中毒。

2.首剂加倍并非适合所有人,对于老人、年幼者等特殊人群或者肝肾功能衰退患者,首剂加倍服用反而会对机体造成损害。

3.需根据病种决定是否需要首剂加倍。

4.药物治疗窗窄的药物首剂加倍必须谨慎,监测血药浓度,以免出现中毒。比如地高辛的治疗窗窄,血清有效浓度为0.8~2.0ng/ml,大于2.0~2.5ng/ml时应警惕药物过量或中毒反应。

5.有的药物首剂效应的发生率与用药的剂量有关,开始用药的剂量越大,首剂效应的发生率越高。因此,对于具有这种性质的药物,其用量应从小剂量开始,根据病情和耐受情况逐渐加大到一般治疗剂量较为安全。

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    2018-08-13 衣带渐宽

    学习

    0

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    2018-08-13 phoebeyan520

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-08-13 执着追梦

    学习,谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-08-13 太阳系小猪

    学习了,谢谢分享,比较实用~

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1646040, encodeId=891d16460407c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=470051898b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心血管药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51898, encryptionId=470051898b0, topicName=心血管药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b8b223291988, createdName=jiafufeng@yaho, createdTime=Sun Feb 24 22:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=338302, encodeId=6832338302e6, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6d551998554, createdName=1e1c07bdm01(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Aug 13 08:51:12 CST 2018, time=2018-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=338285, encodeId=966e338285f1, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=128, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmhead/Q3auHgzwzM6P57Bs8gOPaY1cQP9lIia0lmZOEXraGaoicqNToIslXDKw/0, createdBy=7a041951742, createdName=衣带渐宽, createdTime=Mon Aug 13 07:43:37 CST 2018, time=2018-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=338281, encodeId=458233828163, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Mon Aug 13 07:35:57 CST 2018, time=2018-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=338269, encodeId=118c33826910, content=学习,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhb9xDeHojCicsdRdyC3XXdGk2ib9yLypZuHN06WeW4HO8WN0GGrgEfvnTX8gsckof05GHOU5OM4Mvx/0, createdBy=9cee1982656, createdName=执着追梦, createdTime=Mon Aug 13 07:17:35 CST 2018, time=2018-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=338264, encodeId=80bd33826498, content=学习了,谢谢分享,比较实用~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d7e71713450, createdName=太阳系小猪, createdTime=Mon Aug 13 07:04:06 CST 2018, time=2018-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=338258, encodeId=1dd7338258bb, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKcmgibQ4oCrK7Z6f4CvMcs4k7QUGCkhopcGxvxaBfVciadECSIwaRVttllIOEKumpEaRrq5PoOUxow/0, createdBy=e3bb2081203, createdName=哈哈869, createdTime=Mon Aug 13 06:55:42 CST 2018, time=2018-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=338248, encodeId=380733824886, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Mon Aug 13 06:52:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=338237, encodeId=071533823e1c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/03/18/9fba4e8a3782366829a5645367fdb658.jpg, createdBy=b5732293938, createdName=青山颖钰, createdTime=Mon Aug 13 05:57:55 CST 2018, time=2018-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-13 哈哈869

    学习了

    0

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    2018-08-13 sunfeifeiyang

    0

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    2018-08-13 青山颖钰

    学习了

    0

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