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精准治疗时代生物标志物助力肿瘤个体化诊疗

2019-07-27 月下荷花 肿瘤资讯

精准医疗,是让临床医生根据患者的疾病特点选择个性化的诊疗方案。肿瘤在不同的时期,不同的阶段,基因的变化、临床的表现等均会影响治疗方案的选择。2019年ASCO年会期间,Clinical Care Options(CCO)的生物标志物专场对目前应用较多的生物标志物进行了详细的介绍与解读。

精准医疗,是让临床医生根据患者的疾病特点选择个性化的诊疗方案。肿瘤在不同的时期,不同的阶段,基因的变化、临床的表现等均会影响治疗方案的选择。2019年ASCO年会期间,Clinical Care Options(CCO)的生物标志物专场对目前应用较多的生物标志物进行了详细的介绍与解读

实体瘤的dMMR和MSI检测

实体瘤进行dMMR和MSI检测,主要源于帕博利珠单抗跨瘤种获批治疗dMMR或MSI-H实体瘤,常见瘤种中帕博利珠单抗单药有效率,而且MSI状态对II期直肠癌有预后作用并可用于判断氟脲嘧啶类药物治疗是否获益。目前临床上可及的MSI检测手段主要有二大类,第一类是免疫组化方法(IHC)检测MLH1、PMS2、MSH6和MSH2蛋白,如果四种蛋白均有表达,认为是非dMMR或非MSI-H状态,如果有蛋白表达缺失,应做基因检测进一步确认,这是因为IHC的4种蛋白表达缺失与相关基因改变并不总是平行,可能的原因包括基因启动子甲基化、蛋白降解以及基因突变未影响蛋白表达。第二类是通过测序方法测定微卫星长度并与正常对照相比较以确定MSI状态,存在MSI-H时应明确为体突变还是胚系突变所致,MSI-H 在不同瘤种的发生频度。

通常MSI-H肿瘤的肿瘤突变负荷(TMB)明显增加,是非MSI-H肿瘤的10~100倍,其中MSH2/MSH蛋白表达缺失时TMB增加水平更显着,MSI-H直肠癌的TMB较其他实体瘤的TMB增加更明显。如上所述,dMMR和MSI检测已是临床常规,二种检测方法互为补充可以避免漏诊;不同部位MSI-H肿瘤的基因组改变不尽相同,MSI-H结直肠癌的TMB增加尤其显着,部分解释了免疫检查点抑制剂疗效反应的不同。

PD-L1检测与治疗

肿瘤微环境中肿瘤细胞主要通过表达PD-L1,与活化的T淋巴细胞表面的PD-1结合后,失活T淋巴细胞功能,从而使肿瘤逃避机体的免疫监视与杀伤功能。2014ASCO有研究公布了不同瘤种的PD-L1表达与免疫治疗ORR的数据,提示PD-L1表达与免疫治疗ORR在一定程度上正相关,因此评估PD-L1表达程度对预判免疫治疗疗效就显得至关重要。进一步研究发现,PD-L1不仅表达于肿瘤细胞表面,还可表达于肿瘤浸润免疫细胞表面,所以目前有关PD-L1表达的评分共有3种,分别是TPS(tumor proportion score)、TC(tumor cell)与IC(immune cell)和CPS(combined positive score)。

现有的各个免疫检查点抑制剂疗效预估时,PD-L1表达的评判采用不同的分析方法和解释标准,造成了一药一标准的复杂现状,极不利于临床实践工作,因此开展了BLUEPRINT PD-L1 IHC Assay Comparison Project,尝试确定统一的标准以方便临床工作。此外另有研究探讨了非小细胞肺癌NSCLC)接受过放疗、化疗以及TKI治疗是否会对PD-L1表达产生影响,结果显示70%左右的患者治疗前后PD-L1表达并无显着变化。截至2019年5月26日,共有6种抗PD1/PDL1抗体获批47个治疗适应症,其中帕博利珠单抗和阿替利珠单抗在治疗NSCLC、尿路上皮癌、/食管交界癌、宫颈癌和三阴性乳腺癌时需要检测PD-L1表达。

BRCA1和BRCA2突变

各种内外因素都可导致DNA损害,细胞则通过各种系统修复受损DNA,维持基因组稳定,此系统就称为DNA损伤反应(DDR)。PARP是很关键的DNA修复酶,常在癌细胞中过度表达,使得癌细胞对放化疗治疗耐药,PARP抑制剂治疗肿瘤就是通过抑制DNA修复最终导致癌细胞死亡。BRCA1/2主要通过同源重组对受损的双链DNA进行修复,当其有缺陷时,细胞对PARP抑制特别敏感,发生死亡,图6显示的是不同瘤种中同源重组DNA损害修复基因突变的发生率。

目前已有多项研究证实PARP抑制剂对于BRCA1/2突变的进展期卵巢癌和乳腺癌有着很好的治疗作用。近期研究表明,PARP抑制剂对铂敏感的进展期胰腺癌也有很好的治疗作用,2019ASCO报告的III期POLO研究显示,BRCA1/2突变进展期胰腺癌一线含铂治疗后无进展者给予奥拉帕利维持治疗可以明显延长患者无进展生存。事实上DDR过程中,远不止BRCA1/2基因的改变参与肿瘤的发生,因此有关DDR抑制剂的研发十分火热,如ATR抑制剂、Wee1抑制剂等,初步研究显示对于PARP抑制剂耐药的BRCA突变肿瘤有治疗活性。

转移性结直肠癌(mCRC)的BRAF和HER2突变

对于mCRC患者,一线如果将抗EGFR治疗作为优选,患者需同时具备如下条件:无RAS和BRAFV600E突变及HER2扩增,且同时位于左半结肠。显示了mCRC中常见的基因组改变及发生频率,其中BRAF是KRAS途径的下游基因, BRAFV600E突变发生频率约为8%,非BRAFV600E突变发生频率约为2%,大量研究表明BRAFV600E突变是mCRC的不良预后因素。目前NCCN指南推荐BRAFV600E抑制剂单药+化疗药物+抗EGFR单抗或是BRAFV600E抑制剂组合+抗EGFR单抗≥2线治疗BRAFV600E突变mCRC。mCRC中BRAF还存在大量非V600突变,有研究显示这类突变患者的生存不但优于BRAFV600E患者,甚至还优于BRAF野生型的mCRC。

HER2扩增指导的治疗在乳腺癌和进展期胃癌中广泛应用,目前已有5种靶向HER2的治疗药物。HERACLES研究显示,CRC中HER2扩增发生率为5.3%,多发生于KRAS、NRAS、BRAF和PIK3CA野生型肿瘤中,HER2扩增mCRC对抗EGFR治疗耐药,但却能获益于抗HER2治疗。HERACLES研究中采用曲妥珠单抗联合拉帕替尼治疗难治性KRAS WT/HER2+ mCRC,疾病控制率达59%;MyPathway研究中采用曲妥珠单抗+帕妥珠单抗治疗HER2+ mCRC ,治疗反应率32%。因此HER2扩增检测在mCRC中非常重要,是指导治疗选择、预测治疗疗效的重要依据。

NTRK融合、ROS1重排、FGFR改变、RET活化及其他标记物

神经营养因子受体酪氨酸激酶基因NTRK1、NTRK2和NTRK3分别编码TRKA、TRKB和TRKC蛋白,三者均为酪氨酸激酶,统称为TRK家族蛋白。多种肿瘤中都有TRK融合,目前针对TRK的抑制剂共有3种,分别为larotrectinib、entrectinib和LOXO-195,entrectinib还适用于ROS1+NSCLC。

ROS1重排大约发生于1%~2%的NSCLC,导致ROS1激酶区域的结构性活化,驱动肿瘤发生。目前针对ROS1的靶向药物有entrectinib、克唑替尼和Lorlatinib,后二者同时也适用于ALK融合阳性的NSCLC。

FGFR也是一种较为常见的与恶性肿瘤相关的基因改变,在各个瘤种中的发生频度,目前获批的FGFR抑制剂有erdafinitib,主要治疗FGFR2和FGFR3突变的晚期膀胱癌。

融合和突变二种方式都可以活化RET基因,针对RET改变的治疗用药包括LOXO-292和BLU-667,前者被FDA授予突破性的治疗设计。

目前极有可能成为新的肿瘤治疗标记物的还有PIK3CA、PDGFR α/KIT、MET和KRAS基因改变,针对PIK3CA的药物有alpelisib,已获FDA批准治疗转移性乳腺癌,avapritinib在PDGFRα或KIT驱动发生的胃肠道基质瘤中显示了治疗活性,克唑替尼对MET扩增或突变产生的致癌活性也有抑制作用,新药KRASG12C也显示了对KRAS信号的下调作用。

总结

肿瘤的内科治疗发展已有100余年,由最初一刀切的化疗发展到现今化疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗等多种治疗手段,进步不可谓不大,而且随着检测手段的不断进步,肿瘤的分类也越来越精细,因此肿瘤诊疗走向真正的个体化、精准化不再只是一句口号,而是正在逐步发展的一个事实。这场专题主要介绍了目前临床应用最为广泛、研究最为火热的可用于指导临床治疗实践的相关生物标记物以及已经获批或有研究证实具有治疗活性的针对上述标记物可选用的药物。个体化精准治疗是现在和未来肿瘤治疗的发展方向 ,因此寻找发现相关标记物并推动相关药物的研发是未来肿瘤研究领域的重点。

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    2019-07-29 zhouqu_8
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    2019-07-28 130****4638

    生物标志物以及靶点是精准医疗的不二法门。

    0

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