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检验篇:先天梅毒“暗度陈仓”,特异性IgM“拨云见月”

2018-06-03 佚名 欧蒙医学诊断

妊娠梅毒是一种严重危害孕产妇、胎儿和新生儿的性传播疾病,妊娠合并梅毒感染不但可引起自然流产、早产、死胎还会引起新生儿先天梅毒。先天梅毒又称胎传梅毒,是梅毒螺旋体由母体经过胎盘进入胎儿血循环中所致的梅毒。


导读:

妊娠梅毒是一种严重危害孕产妇、胎儿和新生儿的性传播疾病,妊娠合并梅毒感染不但可引起自然流产、早产、死胎还会引起新生儿先天梅毒。先天梅毒又称胎传梅毒,是梅毒螺旋体由母体经过胎盘进入胎儿血循环中所致的梅毒。

1孕期梅毒传播途径

梅毒螺旋体感染人体后大多数情况下存在于血液中,而怀孕期间母体和胎儿的血是相通的,梅毒螺旋体可以通过胎盘感染胎儿。一般在孕早期由于绒毛膜朗罕氏细胞层的阻断,梅毒螺旋体不能进入胎儿血循环,随着孕期发展朗罕氏细胞层退化萎缩(孕4月后),易发生胎盘传播感染,未经治疗的妊娠梅毒传播至胎儿的几率高达80~90%。此外,有少数先天梅毒是在生产的过程中由于接触到母亲的初期创口而感染。

2先天梅毒的临床表现

先天梅毒发病可出现于新生儿期、婴儿期和儿童期,2岁以内者为早期梅毒,2岁以上者为晚期梅毒。一般表现为营养障碍、消瘦,皮肤粘膜松弛,貌似老人,可有发热贫血、体重不增,情绪烦躁,易激惹等,部分伴有粘膜损害,肝脾淋巴结肿大、骨损害、中枢神经系统症状等。先天性梅毒大多症状不明显,多为隐匿感染,更因母体内抗体因素的影响与干扰,其临床诊断缺乏准确性,难度较大,常延误治疗时机。

3梅毒抗体在母婴间的传递

梅毒螺旋体感染母体后主要产生两种抗体,其中一类是IgG抗体,该类抗体可以通过胎盘屏障传递到胎儿体内,通常在出生后一年左右的时间会被逐渐代谢掉;另一类是IgM抗体,IgM抗体分子量较大无法通过胎盘屏障,不能传递到胎儿体内。因此新生儿体内检测到梅毒特异性IgM抗体可作为感染梅毒螺旋体的确证试验。


IgM抗体结构

4先天梅毒的诊断

先天梅毒的诊断依据包括以下几种:

① 典型的先天性梅毒临床表现;

② 从新生儿病变部位、胎盘或脐带处发现梅毒螺旋体可确诊;

③ 非梅毒螺旋体抗体试验滴度是生母的4倍及以上或出生后滴度持续升高;

④ 新生儿体内TP-IgM抗体阳性有确诊意义。 

由于先天梅毒多无典型的临床表现,因此皮肤黏膜损害或组织标本较难获取,很难进行抗原的直接检测,目前临床诊断主要依据血清学诊断结果。血清学诊断中,非特异性抗体可通过母体传递给胎儿,对于梅毒患者孕产新生儿,如果体内非特异性抗体阴性或阳性但滴度低于母体的4倍,需要每3个月随诊检测直至18月龄;如果新生儿体内非特异性抗体阳性且滴度达到母体的4倍或随诊中滴度持续升高,为了避免因方法自身的生物学假阳性造成误判,需要进一步做血清抗原学检测进行确认。TP-IgM抗体具有不能在母婴间传递的特点,可以作为先天梅毒的确诊指标。因此,国家卫计委推荐对梅毒患者孕产婴儿进行TP-IgM抗体检测,以尽早确诊先天梅毒,给予规范合理的治疗。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700374, encodeId=d5501e0037491, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a40c9525be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IgM#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9525, encryptionId=a40c9525be, topicName=IgM)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e80a30065003, createdName=yhy100210, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 17:17:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1899224, encodeId=71b81899224f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f746e94170' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#特异性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67941, encryptionId=6f746e94170, topicName=特异性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dc7a157, createdName=jinweidong, createdTime=Tue Apr 23 06:17:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321511, encodeId=685f3215118c, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jun 04 22:54:37 CST 2018, time=2018-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321245, encodeId=165432124594, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 23:24:06 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321220, encodeId=fd31321220fd, content=妊娠梅毒是一种严重危害孕产妇.胎儿和新生儿的性传播疾病.妊娠合并梅毒感染不但可引起自然流产.早产.死胎还会引起新生儿先天梅毒.先天梅毒又称胎传梅毒.是梅毒螺旋体由母体经过胎盘进入胎儿血循环中所致的梅毒., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 22:07:13 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-05 yhy100210
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700374, encodeId=d5501e0037491, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a40c9525be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IgM#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9525, encryptionId=a40c9525be, topicName=IgM)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e80a30065003, createdName=yhy100210, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 17:17:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1899224, encodeId=71b81899224f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f746e94170' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#特异性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67941, encryptionId=6f746e94170, topicName=特异性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dc7a157, createdName=jinweidong, createdTime=Tue Apr 23 06:17:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321511, encodeId=685f3215118c, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jun 04 22:54:37 CST 2018, time=2018-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321245, encodeId=165432124594, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 23:24:06 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321220, encodeId=fd31321220fd, content=妊娠梅毒是一种严重危害孕产妇.胎儿和新生儿的性传播疾病.妊娠合并梅毒感染不但可引起自然流产.早产.死胎还会引起新生儿先天梅毒.先天梅毒又称胎传梅毒.是梅毒螺旋体由母体经过胎盘进入胎儿血循环中所致的梅毒., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 22:07:13 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700374, encodeId=d5501e0037491, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a40c9525be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IgM#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9525, encryptionId=a40c9525be, topicName=IgM)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e80a30065003, createdName=yhy100210, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 17:17:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1899224, encodeId=71b81899224f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f746e94170' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#特异性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67941, encryptionId=6f746e94170, topicName=特异性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dc7a157, createdName=jinweidong, createdTime=Tue Apr 23 06:17:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321511, encodeId=685f3215118c, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jun 04 22:54:37 CST 2018, time=2018-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321245, encodeId=165432124594, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 23:24:06 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321220, encodeId=fd31321220fd, content=妊娠梅毒是一种严重危害孕产妇.胎儿和新生儿的性传播疾病.妊娠合并梅毒感染不但可引起自然流产.早产.死胎还会引起新生儿先天梅毒.先天梅毒又称胎传梅毒.是梅毒螺旋体由母体经过胎盘进入胎儿血循环中所致的梅毒., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 22:07:13 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-04 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得拥有哦

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700374, encodeId=d5501e0037491, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a40c9525be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IgM#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9525, encryptionId=a40c9525be, topicName=IgM)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e80a30065003, createdName=yhy100210, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 17:17:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1899224, encodeId=71b81899224f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f746e94170' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#特异性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67941, encryptionId=6f746e94170, topicName=特异性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dc7a157, createdName=jinweidong, createdTime=Tue Apr 23 06:17:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321511, encodeId=685f3215118c, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jun 04 22:54:37 CST 2018, time=2018-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321245, encodeId=165432124594, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 23:24:06 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321220, encodeId=fd31321220fd, content=妊娠梅毒是一种严重危害孕产妇.胎儿和新生儿的性传播疾病.妊娠合并梅毒感染不但可引起自然流产.早产.死胎还会引起新生儿先天梅毒.先天梅毒又称胎传梅毒.是梅毒螺旋体由母体经过胎盘进入胎儿血循环中所致的梅毒., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 22:07:13 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-03 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700374, encodeId=d5501e0037491, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a40c9525be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IgM#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9525, encryptionId=a40c9525be, topicName=IgM)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e80a30065003, createdName=yhy100210, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 17:17:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1899224, encodeId=71b81899224f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f746e94170' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#特异性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67941, encryptionId=6f746e94170, topicName=特异性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dc7a157, createdName=jinweidong, createdTime=Tue Apr 23 06:17:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321511, encodeId=685f3215118c, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jun 04 22:54:37 CST 2018, time=2018-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321245, encodeId=165432124594, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 23:24:06 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321220, encodeId=fd31321220fd, content=妊娠梅毒是一种严重危害孕产妇.胎儿和新生儿的性传播疾病.妊娠合并梅毒感染不但可引起自然流产.早产.死胎还会引起新生儿先天梅毒.先天梅毒又称胎传梅毒.是梅毒螺旋体由母体经过胎盘进入胎儿血循环中所致的梅毒., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 22:07:13 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-03 有备才能无患

    妊娠梅毒是一种严重危害孕产妇.胎儿和新生儿的性传播疾病.妊娠合并梅毒感染不但可引起自然流产.早产.死胎还会引起新生儿先天梅毒.先天梅毒又称胎传梅毒.是梅毒螺旋体由母体经过胎盘进入胎儿血循环中所致的梅毒.

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