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专家观点:糖尿病治疗,别光盯着血糖值!

2019-08-14 郭艺芳 健康报医生频道

不久前颁布的健康中国行动(2019~2030年)指出,我国18岁以上人群糖尿病患病率从2002年的4.2%迅速上升至2012年的9.7%。据估算,目前我国糖尿病患者超过9700万人,糖尿病前期人群约1.5亿。


数据惊人

不久前颁布的健康中国行动(2019~2030年)指出,我国18岁以上人群糖尿病患病率从2002年的4.2%迅速上升至2012年的9.7%。据估算,目前我国糖尿病患者超过9700万人,糖尿病前期人群约1.5亿。

对于临床医生及患者来说,糖尿病的治疗目的并不在于纠正某些异常的指标,而是减少各类严重并发症的发生、改善患者生存质量并延长患者寿命。

如果一种治疗措施仅能使某些异常参数恢复正常,而不能为患者带来明确的获益或者获益很小,那么这种治疗措施的临床价值是值得商榷的。

降糖真的不能“用力过猛”

以缺血性心脑血管疾病为主要表现的大血管并发症,是糖尿病致死、致残的主要原因。70%以上的糖尿病患者死于心脑血管事件,因此,糖尿病患者的综合管理应该以降低大血管并发症风险为主要目标,而非仅仅追求血糖的正常化。

在不久前召开的2019年国际卒中大会(ISC)上公布了备受关注的SHINE研究结果。该研究旨在探讨伴有高血糖的急性缺血性卒中患者接受强化降糖治疗的疗效与安全性。

该研究采用随机化对照设计,共纳入1151例伴有高血糖的发病在12小时以内缺血性卒中患者。将其随机分为两组,强化降糖组(581例)连续静脉输入胰岛素控制血糖,血糖控制目标为4.4~7.2mmol/L;标准降糖组(570例)通过皮下注射胰岛素控制血糖(血糖控制目标为4.4~9.9mmol/L)。主要疗效指标为随访90天时改良Rankin评分。

研究结果发现,治疗期间强化降糖组平均血糖水平为6.6mmol/L,标准降糖组平均血糖水平为9.9mmol/L。由于强化降糖组患者低血糖与其他不良反应事件发生率(11.2%)显著高于标准降糖组(3.2%),研究被提前终止。强化降糖治疗组患者严重低血糖事件发生率为2.6%,而标准降糖组无严重低血糖事件发生。

研究认为,对于伴有高血糖的急性缺血性卒中患者,强化降糖无助于改善患者90天功能结局,反而会增加严重低血糖事件等不良结局的风险。因而,对于此类患者不宜予以过于严格的血糖控制。

血糖正常就大功告成了吗?

关于降糖药物与降糖治疗对2型糖尿病患者预后的影响,国内外学者一直在进行着不懈探索。这段历史可以从1970年的UGDP研究说起,但多数学者更愿意将1998年发表的UKPDS研究作为降糖领域循证医学研究的起点。

按照学者们的最初推测,既然以高血糖为主要表现的2型糖尿病可以显著增加心肌梗死、卒中以及心血管死亡的风险,那么应用降糖药物将血糖控制在正常或接近正常的水平,应该可以显著改善其大血管预后。

然而,事与愿违。

UKPDS研究以及随后结束的ADVANCE、ACCORD、VADT以及HEART2D等旨在比较不同降糖强度对糖尿病相关终点事件影响的研究,不仅未能证实强化降糖能够降低大血管并发症风险,致盲性眼病、肌酐倍增、终末期肾病、肾脏性死亡等严重微血管事件也并未减少。ACCORD研究甚至显示,过于严格的控制血糖可以增加糖尿病患者死亡率。

这些研究结果给人们带来空前困惑。高血糖与大血管事件之间存在怎样的因果关系?现有的治疗方法是否恰当?这些问题仍处在探索中,没有明确答案。

2015年EASD年会上揭晓了EMPA-REG研究结果,显示在常规治疗基础上应用SGLT-2抑制剂可以显著降低包括主要不良心血管事件的发生率。这是一项具有里程碑意义的临床研究,将2型糖尿病的研究与治疗带进新时代。

一次又一次研究证实,这些新型降糖药物在有效降糖的同时,还显著降低了2型糖尿病患者主要不良心血管事件的发生率。不仅如此,新近结束的CEREDENCE研究又首次证实,新型降糖药物还能够大幅降低严重肾脏终点事件的风险。这些研究不仅是学术上的新发现,更为众多糖尿病患者带来生的希望。

临床医生到底怎么做?

对于糖尿病患者,积极合理控制血糖水平避免急性高血糖事件对患者生命健康的严重危害,这固然重要。然而,近30余年来,居民的防病治病意识不断增强,可供临床应用的降糖药物种类逐渐增多,急性高血糖事件的发生率已降到很低的水平。在此背景下,糖尿病患者的管理主要目标应该及时调整为降低大血管并发症风险、改善患者远期临床预后。

只有遵循新证据、适应新形势、调整新思维、转换新模式才能最大程度降低糖尿病对我国居民生命健康的危害。

临床医生治疗的不仅仅是疾病,而是患有疾病的人。临床医生治疗疾病的目的是改善患者临床预后与生活质量,延长患者寿命,而不仅仅是追求血糖正常或接近正常。以血糖为中心、为降糖而降糖的思维模式必须摒弃。应积极推广以患者为中心、以生活方式干预为基础、以血压血脂血糖综合管理为主要措施的防控模式。

研究表明:

将糖尿病患者血压控制在130/80mmHg以下可以显著减少心脑血管事件的发生。

积极的降胆固醇治疗也是改善糖尿病患者心血管预后的关键措施。

合并心脑血管疾病的患者应该将低密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低到1.8mmol/L以下。

未合并心脑血管疾病但年龄40岁以上的患者,亦应接受他汀治疗,并将低密度脂蛋白胆固醇控制在2.6mmol/L以下。

因此,对于糖尿病患者,不应仅仅关注血糖,还应关注降糖的方式,特别是降糖药物的选择,同时注重全面筛查并干预各种心血管危险因素。

(文/河北省人民医院副院长 郭艺芳)

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    2019-08-17 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1643052, encodeId=a10a164305248, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=844b206e8ae' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#专家观点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20678, encryptionId=844b206e8ae, topicName=专家观点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=543223078011, createdName=showtest, createdTime=Mon May 04 16:53:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1989990, encodeId=583f1989990c6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3207e6735ae' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#糖尿病治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76735, encryptionId=3207e6735ae, topicName=糖尿病治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e6a1280, createdName=zhanglin3079, createdTime=Mon May 25 14:53:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=371385, encodeId=5fe33e138535, content=好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Sat Aug 17 06:56:58 CST 2019, time=2019-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=371297, encodeId=e8663e12978d, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/12/05/9151d1e89e73add788e7d96c55fb5dec.jpg, createdBy=dcfd2497546, createdName=124902dfm95暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Aug 15 11:36:46 CST 2019, time=2019-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=371278, encodeId=ecc53e1278e1, content=血糖血压血脂要综合考虑。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Thu Aug 15 05:43:47 CST 2019, time=2019-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1042644, encodeId=9ae6104264405, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Thu Aug 15 02:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-08-15 184****9840

    血糖血压血脂要综合考虑。

    0

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    2019-08-15 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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