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J Hematol Oncol:「CAR-T疗效不佳」,可能是肿瘤微环境引发的T细胞衰老

2018-07-29 陈婉仪 医麦客

两款已经获批上市的CAR-T细胞疗法均需要从患者血液中提取T细胞,因此也称为自体CAR-T。目前,大多数癌症患者还没有从这些自体CAR-T疗法中获益,往往回收至体内的CAR-T细胞会出现肿瘤免疫逃逸现象,导致复发或治疗无效,因此也出现了与免疫检查点抑制剂(如PD-1/L1抗体)联合治疗等方案。

两款已经获批上市的CAR-T细胞疗法均需要从患者血液中提取T细胞,因此也称为自体CAR-T。目前,大多数癌症患者还没有从这些自体CAR-T疗法中获益,往往回收至体内的CAR-T细胞会出现肿瘤免疫逃逸现象,导致复发或治疗无效,因此也出现了与免疫检查点抑制剂(如PD-1/L1抗体)联合治疗等方案。

其实,肿瘤逃避免疫系统的机制与肿瘤微环境(TME)息息相关。研究显示,肿瘤细胞可采用多种方式逃避免疫系统的攻击。靶向TME中的免疫抑制通路能够引起进展期患者体内持续的抗肿瘤应答,对于癌症进展方面同样有着非比寻常的重要性。

肿瘤微环境(TME)



肿瘤微环境(TME)是肿瘤赖以生存的复杂环境,主要由多种不同细胞外基质(ECE)和基质细胞组成。

越来越多的研究证明,TME可以决定肿瘤的异质性,并在随后的肿瘤发展和肿瘤细胞的转移中发挥关键作用,可以说是肿瘤的帮凶。因此,理解肿瘤细胞在肿瘤微环境中如何与其他细胞进行相互作用并完成免疫逃逸是攻克肿瘤的重要一步。

肿瘤微环境中可能发生免疫逃逸的3个重要过程:

· 树突状细胞摄取肿瘤抗原后进入淋巴结递呈给T细胞;

· T细胞激活后浸润肿瘤微环境;

· T细胞识别肿瘤细胞后,增殖并杀伤肿瘤细胞。

这3个过程任何一个受到肿瘤微环境的干扰和抑制,机体的免疫系统就不能有效地识别和杀伤肿瘤细胞。而恶性肿瘤巧妙的利用免疫抑制微环境来逃避免疫系统的抗肿瘤反应。

免疫逃逸的机制包括改变G1调节蛋白表达,抑制因子的产生,如IL-10、TGF-β、IDO,以及免疫抑制受体的过表达,例如程序性细胞死亡配体1(PD-L1)和Treg细胞的募集。

已经发现,TMB可以诱导任何年龄的人T细胞衰竭,尽管我们对它所涉及的分子机制仍不清楚。但之前的研究发现,衰竭与一系列细胞信号传导改变相关,例如通常产生较少的细胞因子信号PD-1过表达。最近也有研究表明,TMB引起表观遗传修饰,基因转录状态也发生了变化。

至关重要的是,研究还发现:免疫细胞对病毒和肿瘤抗原的反应随着T细胞功能障碍而下降。


肿瘤免疫逃逸(图片来源:Nature)

根据发表在《血液病学和肿瘤学杂志》上的最新研究报告,作者指出:提高癌症免疫疗法的疗效将取决于深入了解衰老/衰竭的免疫T细胞功能障碍的状态。该研究来自暨南大学血液学研究所,通讯作者为李扬秋博士。


李扬秋博士(图片来源:暨大官网)

肿瘤免疫微环境让T细胞衰老导致免疫逃逸

CD28的缺失

在几种实体瘤中,研究人员已经观察到CD8+CD28- T细胞的积累。其中,CD28是T细胞表面重要的第二信号分子,它与其配体的结合能刺激淋巴细胞的增殖和细胞因子的产生,已知CD28分子的表达水平降低是免疫衰老的一个重要标志。

最近,在MM患者中发现衰老T细胞的表征,包括具有CD28- KLRG1+ CD57+ 或CD28- CD57+ PD-1+ 表型的克隆扩增的CD8+ T细胞。值得注意的是,这些T细胞克隆显示端粒非依赖性衰老,端粒酶活性上调,表明衰老可逆。

cAMP的过表达与Treg细胞的聚集

肿瘤来源的cAMP已被证明是直接诱导T细胞衰老的原因,同时也是Treg细胞诱导T细胞衰老机制的关键信号分子。

在血液恶性肿瘤中,例如急性髓性白血病(AML)、急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)、慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)、多发性骨髓瘤(MM)和B细胞淋巴瘤,均有发现Treg细胞聚集。据预测,减少Treg细胞积累能促进AML患者的低复发风险和无白血病生存(LFS)。

肿瘤治疗手段往往也会由于T细胞衰老而导致负面影响,如复发和无效。例如,自体干细胞移植(ASCT)后MM患者的早期复发与CD28- CD57+ PD-1+ T细胞的增多相关。

可见,肿瘤免疫逃逸的策略之一是T细胞衰老。

对于CAR-T免疫疗法,这就意味着患者体内的衰老T细胞回收后再经改造利用也不一定会有很强的抗肿瘤活性,因为其本来就处于TME当中,已经带有特定的衰老表型。因此,需要寻找T细胞衰老的生物标志物来筛选较强活性的T细胞。

T细胞衰老的生物标志物

尽管近年来已经广泛研究了效应T细胞分化的分子和细胞生物标志物,但许多与效应T细胞的成熟和衰老相关的分子和信号传导途径仍然是未知的。

丨CD27、CD28、KLRG-1、CD57

衰老中的T细胞倾向于失去共刺激分子如CD27和CD28,同时表达杀伤细胞凝集素样受体亚家族G(KLRG-1)和CD57。CD27和CD28下调与人端粒酶RNA组分(hTERC)表达的丧失有关,导致端粒酶活性降低,随后端粒末端的累积受损。而干扰KLRG-1在T细胞上的连接已经显示出增强的增殖能力。其中,CD57显示与严重的增殖受损有关,因此被认为是T细胞衰老最可靠的表面标志物。

丨G1调节蛋白

此外,参与细胞周期调控并与细胞应激反应相关的G1调节蛋白如p15、p16和p21在衰老的T细胞中上调,有证据表明p16 / Cdk6和p21 / WAF的结合水平升高,Cdk2和cyclinD3表达下调,Cdk2和Cdk6激酶活性降低。这些分子抑制从G1期到S期的转变,迫使细胞进入复制衰老。

丨T细胞免疫抑制性受体TIGIT

根据最近的一项研究,T细胞免疫抑制性受体TIGIT被认为是新的T细胞衰老标志物。与年轻个体相比,TIGIT在老年人的CD8 + T细胞中显示出上调。此外,TIGIT + CD8 + T细胞表现出衰老免疫表型,包括KLRG1和CD57的高表达。

此外,TIGIT还被描述为HIV感染后衰竭的CD4+和CD8 + T细胞中的新标记。衰竭的T细胞分阶段地失去IL-2的产生、高增殖能力和离体杀伤能力,随后丧失肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)的产生,并且在最后阶段,部分或完全丧失了产生大量干扰素-γ的能力,最终导致物理缺失。这种效应功能的下降还伴随着CD4+ T辅助细胞的进行性丧失和抑制性受体的表达增加,例如PD1、CTLA4、TIGIT、LAG-3、CD244、CD160和TIM3。

CAR-T疗效不佳与T细胞衰老/衰竭相关

目前,过继性细胞疗法(ACT)正在成为晚期血液系统恶性肿瘤患者的潜在治疗方法。 CAR-T和TCR-T细胞疗法利用从患者分离的功能活性T细胞,将这些T细胞在体外重建和扩增以识别靶细胞上的特异性抗原,现在已广泛进行针对白血病,淋巴瘤和一些实体瘤的临床试验。

FDA批准的两款CAR-T产品均是针对血液肿瘤与淋巴瘤,CAR-T疗法治疗实体瘤并没有表现出显着的疗效。

大量的实验可以看出,开发工程化T细胞疗法仍存在很大的挑战。为了取得这一领域的进展,需要更科学地明确治疗目标,例如制定战胜肿瘤微环境的策略,找到更好的方法来保护T细胞免受免疫抑制。

针对CAR-T细胞疗法:

首先,从患者体内获得的是暴露于TME中的T细胞,具有衰老和衰竭的表型,可导致终末分化的进展,显着抑制T细胞功能,从而获得的CAR-T细胞表现出较低效能。

其次,T细胞的内源性TCR可对CAR-T细胞的持久性具有负面影响。当将CAR引入具有不同TCR特异性的T细胞时,TCR抗原的存在引起与T细胞衰竭和凋亡相关的CD8 + CAR T细胞效价的丧失。

另外,来自CAR的一些信号传导可以增加T细胞的分化和衰竭,由CAR单链可变片段的抗原非依赖性聚集引发的CAR CD3ζ磷酸化将迫使CAR-T细胞的早期衰竭。

总之,肿瘤相关T细胞免疫衰老和衰竭的修正是增强ACT抗肿瘤功能的关键点。

扭转CAR-T疗效的修正策略

世界各地的研究团队的工作正在揭示功能失调的T细胞状态的分子基础,并打开更有效地逆转它们的大门。这对于免疫检查点阻断和嵌合抗原受体T(CAR-T)细胞疗法等癌症免疫疗法至关重要,这些疗法需要高功能性T细胞才能发挥作用。

血液系统恶性肿瘤中的肿瘤部位显示出招募Treg细胞,并在其肿瘤微环境中使用直接和间接诱导衰老作为免疫抑制的机制。因此,免疫疗法的一个可能目标是抑制肿瘤相关的T细胞衰老以及衰老T细胞功能的恢复。

以下是针对T细胞衰老的修正策略:

丨cAMP水平的调节

cAMP是衰老进程中Treg细胞免疫抑制的关键组分,在肿瘤部位积累,产生缺氧微环境。这些微环境中的Treg和肿瘤细胞通过间隙连接转移增加cAMP水平,直接诱导人类原始T细胞和肿瘤特异性效应T细胞衰老。由于其固有的抑制功能,功能失调的衰老T细胞可以间接维持肿瘤微环境并扩增免疫抑制,从而表明cAMP水平的调节可能是修复T细胞衰老和破坏患者肿瘤微环境的潜在途径。

最近的研究表明通过Toll样受体8(TLR8)信号传导对肿瘤细胞进行代谢调节。具体而言,TLR8配体,如第三代聚酰胺胺树枝状大分子(poly-G3)和ssRNA40,可以通过激活PKA-Csk-Lck抑制途径,调节肿瘤细胞内源性cAMP来增强T细胞的抗肿瘤功能。

丨抑制ERK1 / 2和P38信号

根据此前的研究,ERK1/2和P38信号被鉴定为是Treg诱导T细胞衰老的调节因子。因此,抑制该信号可能促使T细胞衰老的逆转

丨干扰p16的积累

有趣的是,儿童T细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病(T-ALL)细胞的常见改变是p16和p15的缺失,并且在一些情况下p15基因中5'CpG岛的高度甲基化。两种蛋白质的积累与T细胞衰老和衰老密切相关,因此它们的缺失可能在一些白血病T细胞永生化和避免衰老的机制发挥重要作用。虽然这表明干扰p16的积累可能会减缓或防止T细胞衰老,但它也可能增加引发T细胞癌变的风险,因此应进一步探索。

肿瘤微环境诱导T细胞衰老的机制和细胞治疗中T细胞衰老修正的策略


(图片来源:Journal of Hematology &Oncology)

结语

许多患者对ACT免疫疗法的应答欠佳,这就意味着研究者们需要另辟蹊径,探索合适的治疗方案。更好地了解肿瘤微环境导致T细胞功能障碍的方式将为下一代ACT免疫疗法开辟新的治疗策略。由于肿瘤微环境可以诱导衰老和衰竭的细胞表型,因此制定逆转这些状态的策略对于提高免疫治疗效果显得尤为重要。

新兴的靶向微环境治疗已被广泛接受。根据不同组织的特点,针对多种微环境基质细胞的协同治疗和多种靶标记的不断发现可能是未来研究的方向。

原始出处:Dimitri Kasakovski, Ling XuEmail, and Yangqiu Li. T cell senescence and CAR-T cell exhaustion in hematological malignancies. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 201811:91

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    2019-05-26 仁心济世
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    2019-01-23 minlingfeng
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    2018-08-20 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    a:¥CnTwb1llNAq¥

    0

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    2018-07-31 GZphD9

    学习了

    0

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    2018-07-31 fengyi812
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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1781250, encodeId=a6f11e81250a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ce8405907' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAR-#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4059, encryptionId=8ce8405907, topicName=CAR-)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Sun May 26 13:57:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1865498, encodeId=829618654982b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ce133504e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13350, encryptionId=16ce133504e, topicName=Oncol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Wed Jan 23 14:57:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339652, encodeId=40853396527a, content=a:¥CnTwb1llNAq¥, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Aug 20 05:16:53 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=335359, encodeId=717533535991, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/09/9d6ae4a345db0c5799f866ac5743fbc0.jpg, createdBy=0ba62073690, createdName=GZphD9, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 16:05:13 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1317418, encodeId=bc8a131e418bb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=74916e0414' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#EMA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6704, encryptionId=74916e0414, topicName=EMA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a35a460, createdName=fengyi812, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 00:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1337102, encodeId=75f8133e1020c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=715ae8023ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞衰老#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78023, encryptionId=715ae8023ea, topicName=细胞衰老)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIW7uIr5ebYvJohUq0dkkVV05uF9jPpeyCrlcx904mUdMI9UKqpO3bt4GkgYBNdv485qT2NsVE27w/132, createdBy=023c2500122, createdName=ms8543593053280928, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 00:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=335080, encodeId=39e63350800e, content=学习了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Mon Jul 30 08:49:43 CST 2018, time=2018-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1031858, encodeId=624a10318583c, content=谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=内科新手, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 12:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334890, encodeId=ba29334890ff, content=理论研究越来越深入, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 10:57:27 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-30 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-07-29 内科新手

    谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多

    0

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    2018-07-29 医者仁心5538

    理论研究越来越深入

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