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超实用!大咖把脉:我们应该如何设计肺炎临床研究?

2018-04-21 邢英 中国医学论坛报

4月20-22日,由中华医学会《中华医学杂志英文版》、中华医学会呼吸病学分会青年委员会共同主办,浙江大学呼吸疾病研究所承办的第十五届中青年呼吸学者论坛,在浙江省杭州市召开。本届论坛由王辰院士和陈荣昌主委担任主席,执行主席为应颂敏教授。同时,本届论坛的会前会安排了“临床科研选题设计”培训,为中青年医生科研能力的成长助力。

4月20-22日,由中华医学会《中华医学杂志英文版》、中华医学会呼吸病学分会青年委员会共同主办,浙江大学呼吸疾病研究所承办的第十五届中青年呼吸学者论坛,在浙江省杭州市召开。本届论坛由王辰院士和陈荣昌主委担任主席,执行主席为应颂敏教授。同时,本届论坛的会前会安排了“临床科研选题设计”培训,为中青年医生科研能力的成长助力。

讲者:中日医院呼吸与危重症医学科 呼吸疾病国家临床研究中心 曹彬 教授 

肺炎临床需要解决的科学问题

肺炎是世界范围内多发而严重的感染性疾病,也是全球最主要死因和首位感染性疾病死因。然而,目前国内尚缺乏成人肺炎发病率、肺炎远期预后的调查数据。相关指南中未纳入免疫缺陷、血液系统肿瘤、器官移植、接受糖皮质激素治疗等罹患肺炎的患者,而在我们实际临床工作之中,我们恰恰需要帮助这部分患者。因此,应将具有高危宿主因素这部分肺炎患者纳入到临床研究中来。

在肺炎严重程度评价方面,以肺炎严重度指数(PSI)和CURB-65评分应用最为广泛,但日本呼吸病学会并没有直接照搬欧美PSI评分和CURB-65评分,而是在CURB-65的基础上结合自身国情,提出了A-DROP评分。相比CURB-65评分,长寿的日本人把年龄界限提高到了男性70岁,女性75岁。不管是欧美,还是日本,都很注重年龄因素在病情严重程度评价中的作用。目前,中国预期寿命是73岁,我们是否应该拥有自己国家的病情严重程度评价标准?

针对肺炎病原体的治疗,我们有很多药物,如,头孢菌素类、碳青霉烯类抗生素、大环内酯类药物、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、抗结核药、抗真菌药等。然而,由中国学者牵头针对中国人群抗肺炎治疗的随机对照研究少之又少。而且,目前肺炎治疗,仅仅是针对病原菌进行干预,而并未针对宿主进行治疗。同样,在肺炎预防领域,我们依然缺乏疫苗接种后相关数据。

此外,很多年轻科研工作者可能会闯入这样的误区,研究设计不够重视或不严谨、不科学,等到收集数据时,才发现拉下某些数据,致使证据链不充分,甚至拿到一堆垃圾数据。因此,关于肺炎研究,应反复论证科学设计,课题实施过程中应严格进行质量控制。 

肺炎临床研究:从临床表型到内型深化

仔细去梳理,我们可以发现,肺炎具有高度的异质性。我们简单将肺炎分成社区获得性肺炎(CAP)、医院获得性肺炎(HAP),实在是难以满足肺炎患者诊断和治疗的需要。换言之,CAP和HAP指南并不适用于所有人群。面对80岁男性、肺癌、慢阻肺、化疗、应用激素等肺炎患者,患者病原学特征、治疗证据是缺失的。这常常是我们面临的困难。

特别对肺炎感兴趣的医生建议,可以参照哮喘、慢阻肺研究思路,将患者进行分组、分层。目前肺炎相关研究,更多是局限在症状、实验室检查、影像学特点来进行分型,但是真正代表患者病理生理机制、功能变化的研究,少之又少。我们应该对肺炎的认识,从表型到内型逐步深入。 

肺炎研究未来三大方向

当前我国肺炎研究偏重病原学调查,偏重疾病临床特征描述。这些很重要,但并非是高水平、高层次的研究。近日,美国国立心脏、肺和血液学研究所(NHLBI)工作组报告发布了肺炎研究未来方向,其中涉及到宿主易感性(慢性疾病、年龄、易感基因、暴露因素),致病微生物侵袭、毒力、粘附性、耐药,肺外脏器功能影响、宿主结局、远期预后都是未来主要研究方向。总体上,非常宏观,但缺少具体实施路线。

仔细梳理一下,也就是三大方向,需要好好布局。

第一,肺炎宿主基因易感性。

2005年,一项综述对肺炎宿主基因易感性进行了阐释,涉及到模式识别分子(PRMs)以及MBL、Toll样受体、CD14等,ACE多态性,炎症及抗炎反应过程[Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2005 ,26(6):553]。但自此之后,跟进研究非常少。2013年,北京佑安医院和英国牛津大学联合研究发现,轻度、重度H1N1流感患者临床基线特征比较,存在显著差异。基因多态性进行分析,IFITM3 rs12252中的CC、CT及TT基因型在轻度、重度流感患者中分布不同,携带CC基因型是发生重症流感感染的危险因素。2017年,我国学者研究发现, IFITM3 rs12252与TLR3 rs5743313多态性与流感患者死亡相关,还与流感肺炎死亡和呼吸衰竭相关,出现两种基因多态性的人群远期生存率显著降低。2018年,南京军区总医院苏欣教授团队发表在《感染病学杂志》(clin infect dis)研究显示,PTX3 rs1840680多态性与慢阻肺患者易感曲霉菌病相关,PTX3可能是预测慢阻肺患者是否患侵入性肺曲霉病的生物标志物[Clin Infect Dis 2018,66(2):261]。

第二,肺炎感染后宿主与病原体的反应。

最近国际上有几项研究值得我们借鉴。一项研究针对6个不同研究人群(SIRS),通过RNA芯片鉴别是否存在感染和何种类型感染:是细菌,还是病毒,还是混合病原体感染?其理论依据是主要是基于不同病原体与宿主作用,炎症反应不一样。通过弃一交叉法验证人群中细菌、病毒及非感染性疾病的分布,以0.5为阈值,可有助于我们鉴别细菌、病毒及病毒-细菌共感染。

此外,目前已经有一些研究,通过抗感染药物与针对宿主反应的联合治疗评价治疗效果。浙二医徐峰教授团队研究(投稿中)显示,阿司匹林与大环内酯类联用可降低重症CAP的死亡率,联用效果优于大环内酯类单用。实际上,该研究中大环内酯类药物不是作为抗菌药物,而是作为免疫调节药物,而且联合用药最常用阿司匹林。另一项关于住院H3N2患者研究显示,大环内酯类抗生素+非类固醇抗炎药+奥司他韦联用组30天死亡率,较奥司他韦单药组明显改善。当然,目前这些研究仅仅是处于起步阶段,尚未画上圆满的句号,仍有待于我们努力开展研究。

第三,肺炎后全身反应以及远期预后。

关于肺炎后全身反应以及远期预后,国内研究非常少。值得大家注意的是,肺炎住院期间发热可能降下来了,但是炎症反应仍旧存在,而且这种炎症反应对全身影响是长期存在的,因此,我们应该特别关注患者远期预后。CAP-China肺炎远期预后研究显示,CAP患者的远期生存率低于普通人群,尤其是老年和伴有慢性疾病患者,年龄和合并慢性疾病是影响CAP患者远期死亡率的独立危险因素。

最后,对于住院医生,写大病例,诊断出社区获得性肺炎就合格了,但对于肺炎研究者来说,就是不合格的。我们要考如下因素:虑临床表现多样性、宿主易感因素多样性、致病微生物多样性、干预药物反应状况、药理多样性、炎症反应多样性等。此外,进行严肃的、有使命感、负责任的肺炎研究,也是我们的梦想!

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    2018-05-03 871538379

    学习了 非常感谢

    0

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    2018-04-26 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2018-04-22 执着追梦

    学习.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-04-22 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-04-22 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-04-22 秀红

    学习了

    0

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    2018-04-22 329523732

    不错

    0

  10. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=881659, encodeId=4875881659fd, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64245268311, createdName=14818eb4m67暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Sep 01 08:13:03 CST 2020, time=2020-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1758578, encodeId=e6c41e58578d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9aab549134b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#把脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54913, encryptionId=9aab549134b, topicName=把脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a1dc37340209, createdName=ms2186806800017884, createdTime=Sat Feb 09 10:43:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=311483, encodeId=f300311483b7, content=学习了 非常感谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a35e76003, createdName=871538379, createdTime=Thu May 03 05:41:25 CST 2018, time=2018-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=309319, encodeId=0ea3309319df, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Apr 26 05:48:55 CST 2018, time=2018-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308218, encodeId=c77430821852, content=学习.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhb9xDeHojCicsdRdyC3XXdGk2ib9yLypZuHN06WeW4HO8WN0GGrgEfvnTX8gsckof05GHOU5OM4Mvx/0, createdBy=9cee1982656, createdName=执着追梦, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 12:11:12 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308111, encodeId=0b2c308111d3, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 06:47:32 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308110, encodeId=be3d3081100d, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 06:47:02 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308053, encodeId=9844308053d1, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/01/15/8213228fe923915543544ad3da7e1c64.jpg, createdBy=6bd82014262, createdName=秀红, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 00:50:50 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308046, encodeId=cca43080468f, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/2EVCwc9WmQS6ec99H2TX8ejmR40xYjwrIcrqjAnibV36aicL1sLxc21rhpZnqTOxk33HP44iayEwo6qYXqgZvdRtA/132, createdBy=d0d01573846, createdName=329523732, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 00:31:28 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308039, encodeId=3a0a308039ad, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/fhZdOu27e88Voqh19n8eF8cLplo8L4nicKtH0WnE3KFELXns5XDu8rsiceK2HHDZc2SEStia5VV3Pia2QLMVqlWbHw/0, createdBy=6e012139475, createdName=神功盖世, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 00:23:34 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-22 神功盖世

    0

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