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超强盘点!心内科常用药物的联用注意事项

2016-07-27 心血管时间 心血管时间

随着心血管病患者合并疾病增多,其药物治疗方案也更加复杂,绝大部分心血管疾病患者可能会同时服用 2 种以上药物,这就使得药物之间可能存在相互作用,这些相互作用可能对疗效发生影响,其结果可能是协同、拮抗或产生新的作用,包括理化性质、药动学和药效学的相互作用。许多心血管药物是在肝脏代谢的,一般通过细胞色素氧化酶系统代谢[1]。当肝脏的血流改变使肝脏首关效应代谢率改变时,就可能会出现肝脏药效学相互作用。同

随着心血管病患者合并疾病增多,其药物治疗方案也更加复杂,绝大部分心血管疾病患者可能会同时服用 2 种以上药物,这就使得药物之间可能存在相互作用,这些相互作用可能对疗效发生影响,其结果可能是协同、拮抗或产生新的作用,包括理化性质、药动学和药效学的相互作用。

许多心血管药物是在肝脏代谢的,一般通过细胞色素氧化酶系统代谢[1]。当肝脏的血流改变使肝脏首关效应代谢率改变时,就可能会出现肝脏药效学相互作用。同时,许多药物通过竞争肾脏清除机制而彼此相互作用,其肾脏清除率可因其他被肾脏清除的药物而降低。

1抗心律失常

最常见的肝酶 CYP 抑制剂有奎尼丁、普罗帕酮、胺碘酮、地尔硫卓、维拉帕米、普萘洛尔[2]。其中胺碘酮由于抑制的肝酶 CPY 亚型较多,因此和其他药物合用引起有临床意义的血药浓度改变风险较大。

比如与美托洛尔联用,可能会使其血药浓度平均增加 1 倍;大大增强华法林的抗凝血作用,可延长凝血酶原时间 40%,故华法林剂量应减少 25%~50%;和他汀类药联用可能使横纹肌溶解风险大大增加 [3];与喹诺酮类司巴沙星联用,可能引起 QT  间期延长与诱发 Td P。

水溶性β受体阻断剂如索他洛尔、阿替洛尔基本不在肝脏内代谢,很少发生代谢性药物相互作用,而脂溶性β受体阻断剂如卡维地洛、美托洛尔、普萘洛尔均为 CPY2D6 所代谢。β受体阻断剂和胰岛素、降糖药联用,可能增强后者的作用,而有诱发低血糖的风险。

同服地高辛和胺碘酮及非二氢吡啶钙阻滞药时,可进一步抑制窦房结和房室结,发生心动过缓以及严重房室传导阻滞

2调脂药

两种或多种调脂类药联用,或他汀类与肝酶抑制剂联用,可能诱发肌病,甚至引起横纹肌溶解、肌红蛋白尿及急性肾功衰竭。他汀类与贝特类联用应谨慎,必须联用时最好使用普伐他汀,因其在肝脏代谢不依赖 CYP 同功酶。他汀类与多烯不饱和脂肪酸等联用可能比较安全。他汀类与环孢素、酮康唑、红霉素等联用可能引起肌病。应加强观察。

3抗心功能不全药

目前使用地高辛采用小剂量维持疗法,但由于某些药物与其发生相互作用,仍可使血地高辛浓度增高,超过治疗要求的血浓度。地高辛与可能引起低血钾的药物如排钾利尿药、皮质激素等联用会增加洋地黄中毒的可能性,洋地黄化的时候,使用硫酸镁可引起心脏传导阻滞;与β受体阻断剂联用会增加心脏房室传导阻滞可能。

胺碘酮、地尔硫卓、维拉帕米、ACEI 和 ARB 可能使地高辛的血药浓度上升;而奎尼丁通过置换作用可以使地高辛的血药浓度增加 1 倍;螺内酯和 NSAID 可延长地高辛的血浆半衰期;此外地高辛一般不宜和钙盐联用,尤其忌与含钙注射剂联用。 

4抗凝血药

华法林依赖多种 CYP 同功酶进行代谢,故可与多种药物或食物发生相互作用。其治疗窗很窄,故治疗过程中,应进行严密监测,注意增加的药物和食物品种的改变。

酒精、维生素、肝酶诱导剂可减弱华法林抗凝作用。含有维生素的蔬菜如深绿色蔬菜、豆类、番茄等和某些植物油 (如人造黄油、色拉油等) 也可减弱华法林抗凝作用。消胆胺可降低华法林肠道吸收,减弱其抗凝作用。

肝酶抑制剂西咪替丁、红霉素、酮康唑、胺碘酮、奎尼丁可增强华法林的抗凝血作用,引起出血,其中以胺碘酮最为危险,因其半衰期较长,停止服用后,相互作用仍继续发生。调脂药贝特类与华法林合用可能引起出血,应小心联用。抗微生物药甲硝唑、阿奇霉素、二、三代头孢菌素等也可能加强华法林的抗凝作用,联用时应注意监测。

5血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂

除了缬沙坦及替米沙坦不经过肝酶 CYP 代谢外,其他药物都经过肝酶 CYP 不同亚型代谢,如厄贝沙坦和氯沙坦是 CYP2C9 的底物,依那普利是 CYP3A4 的底物,卡托普利是 CYP2D6 的底物。此类药物和保钾利尿药或补钾药联用可引起高钾血症。

6硝酸盐类

硝酸盐可致血压过低,如β受体阻滞剂和钙拮抗药。与 5’磷酸二酯酶抑制药联用会产生危险的药物相互作用,使硝酸盐的降压疗效增强。此外,高剂量的硝酸甘油可通过改变抗纤维蛋白的活性而诱导肝素抵抗 [4]。

7钙拮抗药 


维拉帕米抑制了 P 糖蛋白介导的地高辛肾脏排泄,从而提高了地高辛的浓度。维拉帕米与大部分β受体阻滞剂无相互作用,但可抑制脂溶性β受体阻滞剂的肝脏代谢、提高其血药浓度。维拉帕米与哌唑嗪、奎尼丁联用可引起严重低血压。地尔硫卓与β受体阻滞剂联用时,会加重窦房结的抑制和负性肌力作用,可致心动过缓和严重的低血压。有多数报道,当其与地高辛联用时,能够显著提高地高辛的稳态血药浓度。

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    2016-08-11 午夜星河

    是一门学问

    0

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