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Science:小心了!这两种肠道细菌一碰头,就可能引发结肠癌!

2018-02-03 佚名 学术经纬

在最新一期的《科学》上,约翰·霍普金斯大学医学院 Cynthia Sears 教授带领的团队报道了肠道菌群如何参与结肠癌的发生与发展:研究发现脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)和一种大肠杆菌(psk+ Escherichia coli)两种肠道菌群会联手形成生物膜,损坏结肠粘膜,引发结肠癌。

在最新一期的《科学》上,约翰·霍普金斯大学医学院 Cynthia Sears 教授带领的团队报道了肠道菌群如何参与结肠癌的发生与发展:研究发现脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)和一种大肠杆菌(psk+ Escherichia coli)两种肠道菌群会联手形成生物膜,损坏结肠粘膜,引发结肠癌。

结直肠癌是美国第三大癌症,预计到 2018 年,将有 5 万名美国人死于结直肠癌。在中国,结直肠癌也是消化道肿瘤中排名第一位的癌症。目前,中国结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率呈逐年升高趋势,其中早期结直肠癌诊断比例低,约 15%-25% 患者在确诊时已合并肝转移。故结直肠癌的早诊早治对预防和降低结直肠癌累积死亡率至关重要。

《科学》发表的这项新研究对于早期诊断有重要意义。这项工作发现,脆弱拟杆菌和一种大肠杆菌菌株可以穿透通常作为屏障的结肠表面粘膜层。一旦穿过这层保护层,细菌就长成一片长长的薄膜,使肠壁覆盖微生物菌落。之后,大肠杆菌释放毒素,破坏结肠细胞的 DNA,而脆弱拟杆菌产生另一种毒素,既损害 DNA 且诱发细胞炎症反应,这两种细菌一起促进了肿瘤的生长。

不是每个人的结肠中都有这两种细菌。那些结肠中有这两种细菌的人可能是在孩童时期就获得了这两种微生物,之后它们则成为该个体肠道菌群的一部分。


▲本研究的通讯作者 Cynthia Sears 教授(图片来源:约翰·霍普金斯大学医学院)

有趣的是,Sears 博士最初的目的并不是研究结肠癌。她的目标是研究由脆弱拟杆菌产生的毒素,这种毒素是腹泻的常见原因之一。然而在研究过程中她发现,在培养皿中,这种毒素能破坏 DNA 并触发引起结肠癌的上皮细胞癌变。当她们将这些分泌毒素的细菌移植入小鼠体内时,小鼠的结肠上出现了肿瘤。因此,她们决定研究一个更宽泛的问题:是否有某种细菌与人类结肠癌相关,如果是的话,哪种细菌?

她们选择了两组患者进行研究:一组是没有特别的结肠癌遗传风险但罹患散发性结肠癌的人; 另一组是那些有家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP),几乎不可避免地会罹患结肠癌的患者。

在这两组患者中,癌症都是从息肉开始的。大多数时候,良性息肉不会发展为癌症。但是,如果息肉中的细胞发展更多的突变,则可以发展为癌症。所以为了保护患者,医生在结肠镜检查时会移除他们发现的任何息肉。然而,患有 FAP 的病人结肠上可能有数百个息肉,它们排列着生长。医生不可能全部摘除息肉,这种情况下,他们可能会移除病人的整段结肠。


▲上图:穿透粘膜层的生物膜(红色);中图:生物膜中大多为脆弱拟杆菌(绿色)和大肠杆菌(红色);下图:粘液层的组织病理学切片结构(图片来源:《科学》)

Sears 博士和她的研究小组检查了从 FAP 患者身上移除的六条结肠上的息肉,她们发现了生物膜——一层已经侵入覆盖结肠的粘膜的细菌。她们同时发现,这层生物膜仅由两种细菌组成,脆弱拟杆菌和一种大肠杆菌菌株 (psk+ E. coli)。在来自健康人的结肠组织样本中,只有少数具有这些细菌。研究人员还检查了从 FAP 患者取得的 25 个肿瘤样本,再次发现了这两种细菌。

然后,研究小组进行了动物实验,给小鼠一种致癌剂引起结肠细胞 DNA 的变化,然后用这两种细菌中的单一菌种单独感染小鼠,结果几乎没有发现肿瘤。但是当研究人员用这两种细菌同时感染动物时,就产生了肿瘤。


▲两种细菌同时作用下,小鼠的生存率骤减(图片来源:《科学》)

这一研究结果可能有助于解释为什么有 FAP 的人,甚至同一个家族的不同成员,可以在不同的年龄发展结肠癌:早期得病的患者可能携带有这两种细菌。

现在 Sears 博士正在试图找出细菌是否总是普通人群结肠癌的驱动因素。她正在与附近的社区医疗团队合作,检查每个经常规结肠镜取样的组织。她希望检查 2000 个病理样本。

但是,她补充说,现在就考虑使用目前的结果来预防癌症还为时过早。抗生素可以杀死细菌,但也会破坏有益健康的肠道菌群,因此使用抗生素之前必须综合考虑利弊。

值得一提的是,这项新研究中描述的细菌并不是第一个被认为与结肠癌相关的细菌。此前,Dana-Farber 癌症研究所的 Matthew Meyerson 博士在更晚期的结肠癌中发现了一种不同类型的梭状杆菌,有核梭杆菌 Fusobacterium nucleatum。在去年发表在《科学》上的一篇文章中,他们报道了这种梭状杆菌已经深入到结肠癌肿瘤中,并随着它们在整个身体内传播。

这些新数据表明结肠早期肿瘤和致瘤细菌之间存在着联系,如果能基于此发展出利用结肠镜检查肠道细菌,以及进行针对细菌的预防接种等预防策略,将使大量人群获益。我们期待这项科学研究早日转化为成果!

原始出处:

Christine M. Dejea,et al. Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis harbor colonic biofilms containing tumorigenic bacteria. Science  02 Feb 2018: Vol. 359, Issue 6375, pp. 592-597. DOI: 10.1126/science.aah3648.

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    2018-06-06 回声bling

    非常好

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    2018-02-06 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-02-05 jichang
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    2018-02-05 smartxiuxiu

    学习了

    0

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    2018-02-05 121925c0m91暂无昵称

    学习啦.很好的文章

    0

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    2018-02-05 121925c0m91暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321890, encodeId=1cf432189038, content=非常好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/wG8aGp3nibNwjaDrJH5icPZyLY9icCI42Z9dzbRzNYnxRnibiab0NGwL0HUgYAibEkIq5CRJgy8ptwFwNcVLCVKaM7aw/132, createdBy=ea192374348, createdName=回声bling, createdTime=Wed Jun 06 09:25:53 CST 2018, time=2018-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285512, encodeId=c87e28551265, content=学习一下谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Tue Feb 06 01:34:36 CST 2018, time=2018-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1369887, encodeId=86ec136988e8f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f4081e22b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道细菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81722, encryptionId=4f4081e22b0, topicName=肠道细菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9d17305, createdName=listen318, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 12:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375759, encodeId=5c0413e5759f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 12:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285335, encodeId=e637285335f8, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 10:52:09 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285190, encodeId=ea9128519052, content=学习啦.很好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=729b2265372, createdName=121925c0m91暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 00:21:38 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285189, encodeId=3a56285189a5, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=729b2265372, createdName=121925c0m91暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 00:21:24 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285148, encodeId=f59a285148a9, content=不错的文章值得拥有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Feb 04 22:28:04 CST 2018, time=2018-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285147, encodeId=8edb28514eab, content=不错的文章值得拥有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Feb 04 22:27:53 CST 2018, time=2018-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=284968, encodeId=dffc28496896, content=了解了解.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Feb 04 08:29:47 CST 2018, time=2018-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-04 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得拥有

    0

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    2018-02-04 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得拥有

    0

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    2018-02-04 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.继续关注

    0

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开启抱团模式:细菌生物膜(biofilm,BF)是为了适应生存环境而粘附在生物体或者非生物体表面,自身分泌的细胞外基质将细菌群包裹在内而形成。是区别于游离细菌的另一种常见生存模式。

抗生素滥用有多严重?“竟然买不到可以培养细菌的鸡蛋了!”

“我们抗生素研究所的一个技师,跟我说过一件事。他说马院长,现在鸡蛋买不到了。我说鸡蛋怎么可能买不到呢?大街上哪里买不到鸡蛋呀。他跟我说,他们很多细菌的培养需要用到蛋清,但他用从市面上买鸡蛋,提取鸡蛋清来养细菌,养一个死一个。”近日,在上海市的一次医疗研讨会上,复旦大学附属华山医院副院长马昕教授在解读合理用药时,分享了这个故事。“这貌似笑话一样的故事,反映了一个很深刻的社会问题,那就是很多食物

心情不好怪谁呢?不如怪细菌吧!

人类的消化道中有大规模多样化的细菌,它们不仅帮助消化,还可增强免疫功能,且科学家们还观察到肠道菌群与中枢神经系统间的相互作用。因此,精神健康甚至神经系统的发展都可通过这些细菌的组成和行为塑造和被塑造。如果真的是这样,如果以后有人问你为什么心情不好,你就可以说这是细菌干的了!

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