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急性自发性硬脊膜外血肿漏诊1例

2019-10-30 向定朝 马传雨 临床骨科杂志

患者,女,41岁,2016年9月18日凌晨2点左右出现颈后酸胀、疼痛不适,睡眠中痛醒,至我院急诊科就诊。考虑颈椎疾病,行颈椎X线检查未见明显异常;建议患者行颈椎MRI检查并留院观察,因患者及家属拒绝,故予颈托外固定、镇痛治疗,患者好转后自行回家。当日上午9点30分,患者感颈后仍疼痛难忍,再次至骨科门诊就诊。查体:神志清,精神一般,痛苦面貌,颈后叩痛、压痛,颈椎屈伸、旋转功能受限,双手霍夫曼征阴性,

临床资料

患者,女,41岁,2016年9月18日凌晨2点左右出现颈后酸胀、疼痛不适,睡眠中痛醒,至我院急诊科就诊。考虑颈椎疾病,行颈椎X线检查未见明显异常;建议患者行颈椎MRI检查并留院观察,因患者及家属拒绝,故予颈托外固定、镇痛治疗,患者好转后自行回家。当日上午9点30分,患者感颈后仍疼痛难忍,再次至骨科门诊就诊。查体:神志清,精神一般,痛苦面貌,颈后叩痛、压痛,颈椎屈伸、旋转功能受限,双手霍夫曼征阴性,四肢肌力、肌张力、感觉均正常,无大小便失禁,行走基本正常。门诊医师再次建议行MRI检查,但患者考虑经济问题拒绝检查,行颈椎CT检查未见明显异常,患者再次自行回家。当日13点左右患者双下肢麻木无力感向上延伸,出现下肢瘫痪症状,并发尿失禁,再次至我院急诊科就诊。就诊时四肢肌力为0级,腱反射消失。行颈椎MRI检查显示C2~T2硬脊膜外血肿(见图1A)。急诊行椎板开窗减压血肿清除术,手术顺利。术后第2天MRI检查显示脊髓压迫已清除(见图1B)。术后进行相应康复治疗,患者肢体感觉逐渐恢复,四肢肌力至Ⅵ级,出院休养。术后随访2年,患者感觉、肌力正常,恢复日常生活及工作。


讨论

急性自发性硬脊膜外血肿临床少见,病因一般认为有以下几方面:脊髓血管畸形,血液病和抗凝药物应用不当,妊娠高血压,少数为特发性。因其好发于颈椎和胸椎,首发症状多为颈后部、胸背部剧烈疼痛,随血肿增大继而导致脊髓受压平面以下肢体瘫痪、大小便功能失禁等。结合临床症状一旦怀疑本病,应立即行MRI检查明确诊断。确诊后对有瘫痪等神经受压表现的患者,应立即根据相关病因进行处理或行椎板切除减压血肿清除术。

原始出处:

向定朝,马传雨.急性自发性硬脊膜外血肿漏诊1例[J/OL].临床骨科杂志,2019(05):558[2019-10-30].

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